ELLU
Fouling resistances for water in shell-and-tube heat exchangers (m²K/W)
|
Heating medium temperature |
under 120°C |
120–200°C |
||
|
Water temperature |
under 50°C |
above 50°C |
||
|
|
Flow velocity |
Flow velocity |
||
|
Cooling water |
≤ 1 m/s |
> 1 m/s |
≤ 1 m/s |
> 1 m/s |
|
Seawater |
0,00009 |
0,00009 |
0,00018 |
0,00018 |
|
Brackish water |
0,00035 |
0,00018 |
0,00053 |
0,00035 |
|
Cooling circuit: |
|
|
|
|
|
prepared |
0,00018 |
0,00018 |
0,00035 |
0,00035 |
|
untreated |
0,00053 |
0,00053 |
0,00090 |
0,00075 |
|
City water |
0,00018 |
0,00018 |
0,00035 |
0,00035 |
|
River water: |
|
|
|
|
|
clean |
0,00035 |
0,00018 |
0,00053 |
0,00035 |
|
normal |
0,00053 |
0,00035 |
0,00070 |
0,00053 |
|
Sewer |
0,00141 |
0,00090 |
0,00175 |
0,00141 |
|
turbid or muddy water |
0,00053 |
0,00035 |
0,00075 |
0,00053 |
|
Particularly hard water |
0,00053 |
0,00053 |
0,00090 |
0,00090 |
|
Engine coolant |
0,00018 |
0,00018 |
0,00018 |
0,00018 |
|
distilled water or condensate |
0,00009 |
0,00009 |
0,00009 |
0,00009 |
|
treated boiler feed water |
0,00018 |
0,00009 |
0,00018 |
0,00018 |
|
Steam generator blowdown |
0,00035 |
0,00035 |
0,00035 |
0,00035 |
|
Cooling water |
Fouling resistance |
|||
|
Quench water |
0,00045 |
|||
|
Polyphosphate treatment |
0,00015 |
|||
|
Acid treatment |
0,00008 |
|||
|
Cold brine |
0,0002–0,00033 |
|||
|
aqueous salt solutions |
0,0002–0,00033 |
|||
© Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
|
TEMA Fouling resistances for fluids in the petroleum processing industry (m²K/W) |
|
|
Crude oil and vacuum column |
|
|
a) gaseous |
|
|
Vacuum column head product |
0,00035 |
|
Normal pressure column Head product |
0,00018 |
|
light naphtas |
0,00018 |
|
b) liquid Crude oil (desalinated at 120°C, tube side velocity > 1.3 m/s) |
|
|
T < 120°C |
0,00035 – 0,0007 |
|
120°C <T < 175°C |
0,00053 – 0,0007 |
|
175°C < T < 230°C |
0,00070 – 0,00088 |
|
230°C < T |
0,00088 – 0,0011 |
|
Light gasoline |
0,00018 |
|
Kerosene |
0,00035 |
|
Heavy gas oil |
0,00035 – 0,00053 |
|
Gasoline |
0,00035 – 0,00053 |
|
Light gas oil |
0,00053 – 0,00088 |
|
Heavy diesel oil |
0,00088 – 0,0012 |
|
Vacuum Column Sump Product |
0,0018 |
|
Normal pressure column Sump product |
0,0012 |
|
Cracking and coking |
|
|
Sump product (u>1.5 m/s) |
0,00053 |
|
light cycle oil |
0,00035–0,00053 |
|
light coconut gas oil |
0,00053–0,0007 |
|
low-boiling liquid products |
0,00053 |
|
Gaseous overhead product |
0,00035 |
|
heavy cycle oil |
0,00053–0,0007 |
|
heavy coconut gas oil |
0,0007–0,00088 |
|
Reforming, steam cracking, catalytic hydrogenation |
|
|
Reformer Insert Material |
0,00027 |
|
Reformer product (l) |
0,00027 |
|
Steam cracker application material and product |
≥ 0,00035 |
|
catalytic hydrogenation feed and product |
≥ 0,00035 |
|
Circulating gas |
0,00018 |
|
Head product (g) |
0,00018 |
|
Liquid product spec. weight > 50°API |
0,00018 |
|
Liquid product 30°API-50°API |
0,00035 |
|
TEMA Fouling resistances for fluids in the petroleum processing industry (m²K/W) |
|
|
low boiling process streams |
|
|
Head product (g) |
0,00018 |
|
Liquid product |
0,00018 |
|
Alkylation |
0,00035 |
|
Absorption oils |
0,00035–0,00053 |
|
Swamp products |
0,00035–0,00053 |
|
Visbreaker |
|
|
Head product (g) |
0,00053 |
|
Marsh product |
0,00176 |
|
Catalytic hydrofiner |
|
|
Insert |
0,0007–0,00088 |
|
Procedure |
0,00035 |
|
H.T. Splinter (head) |
0,00035 |
|
Liquid products |
0,00035 |
|
Stripper use |
0,00053 |
|
Naphta Hydrofiner |
|
|
Insert |
0,00053 |
|
Procedure |
0,00035 |
|
Naphtas |
0,00035 |
|
Header product |
0,00025 |
|
Alkylation plant, Debutanizer, Depropanizer |
|
|
Insert |
0,00018 |
|
Head capacitor |
0,00018 |
|
Product cooler |
0,00018 |
|
Product return evaporator |
0,00035 |
|
Reactor insert |
0,00035 |
|
Lubricating oil treatment |
|
|
Solvent-oil mixture |
0,00035 |
|
Head capacitor |
0,00018 |
|
Raffinate |
0,00018 |
|
Tar |
0,00053–0,00088 |
|
Solvent |
0,00018 |
|
Desulfurization |
|
|
Header product |
0,00018 |
|
Cooler |
0,00028 |
|
Return evaporator |
0,00028 |
© Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
|
Fouling resistances for different fluids (m²K/W) |
||
|
Oils: |
Fuel oil No.2 |
0,00035 |
|
Fuel oil No.6 |
0,00088 |
|
|
Transformer oil |
0,00018 |
|
|
Lubricating oil |
0,00018 |
|
|
Hydraulic oil |
0,00018 |
|
|
Quench oil |
0,0007 |
|
|
Bad luck |
0,0008 |
|
|
Tar |
0,0009 |
|
|
Vegetable oil |
0,00053 |
|
|
Gases and vapors: |
Steam (oil-free) |
0,0000 |
|
Water vapor (oily) |
0,00018 |
|
|
Refrigerant vapors (oily) |
0,00035 |
|
|
Alcohol vapors |
0,0000 |
|
|
organic vapors |
0,00009 |
|
|
Ammonia |
0,00018 |
|
|
Carbon dioxide |
0,00035 |
|
|
Flue gas (coal) |
0,00018 |
|
|
Flue gas (natural gas) |
0,00018–0,00035 |
|
|
Diesel exhaust gas |
0,0018 |
|
|
Synthesis gas |
0,0018 |
|
|
Compressed air |
0,00018–0,00035 |
|
|
Natural gas |
0,00018 |
|
|
Nitrogen |
0,00018–0,00035 |
|
|
stable head products |
0,00018–0,00035 |
|
|
Fouling resistances for different fluids (m²K/W) |
||
|
Liquids: |
Refrigerant |
0,00010–0,00018 |
|
organic heat carriers |
0,00018–0,00035 |
|
|
Ammonia (oil-free) |
0,00018 |
|
|
Ammonia (ole.) |
0,00053 |
|
|
Methanol solutions |
0,00035 |
|
|
Ethanol solutions |
0,00035 |
|
|
Glycol solutions |
0,00035 |
|
|
LPG, LNG |
0,00018–0,00035 |
|
|
MEA and DEA solutions |
0,00035 |
|
|
DEG and TEG solutions |
0,00035 |
|
|
stable side currents |
0,00018–0,00035 |
|
|
stable swamp products |
0,00018–0,00035 |
|
|
Lyes |
0,00035 |
|
|
Black liquor |
0,0007–0,0014 |
|
© Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
Fouling resistances for heat transfer of combustion gases on finned heating surfaces in m²K/W
|
Fuel |
Fouling resistance [m²K/kW] |
Flow velocity [m/s] |
|
Natural gas |
0.00009 to 0.00053 |
30 to 40 |
|
Propane |
0.00018 to 0.00053 |
|
|
Butane |
0.00018 to 0.00053 |
|
|
Clean turbine gas |
0,00018 |
|
|
Moderately clean turbine gas |
0.00027 to 0.0005 |
25 to 30 |
|
Light oil |
0.00036 to 0.0007 |
|
|
Diesel oil |
0,00053 |
|
|
Heavy oil |
0.00053 to 0.00124 |
18 to 24 |
|
Crude oil |
0.0007 to 0.0027 |
|
|
Coal |
0.00089 to 0.00885 |
15 to 21 |
© Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2006
K1 - Table 2 - Total hemispherical emissivities ε and total directional emissivities ε n normal to the surface at temperature T
|
Material |
T [K] |
εn |
ε |
|
1. metals |
|||
|
Aluminum, bright rolled |
443 |
0,039 |
0,049 |
|
773 |
0,05 |
|
|
|
-, mirror polished |
500 |
0,039 |
|
|
850 |
0,057 |
|
|
|
-, polished |
373 |
0,095 |
|
|
-, pre-polished |
373 |
0,18 |
|
|
-, oxidized at 872 K |
472 |
0,11 |
|
|
872 |
0,19 |
|
|
|
-, strongly oxidized |
366 |
0,2 |
|
|
777 |
0,31 |
|
|
|
Lead, gray oxidized |
297 |
0,28 |
|
|
-, not oxidized |
400 |
0,057 |
|
|
500 |
0,075 |
|
|
|
-, oxidized at 422 K |
472 |
0,63 |
|
|
Bronze, 4 to 7% Al, |
|
|
|
|
-, polished |
422 |
0,03 |
|
|
1089 |
0,052 |
|
|
|
-, oxidized |
422 |
0,08 |
|
|
1089 |
0,144 |
|
|
|
Chrome, polished |
423 |
0,058 |
0,071 |
|
1089 |
0,36 |
|
|
|
Cobalt, polished |
422 |
0,1 |
|
|
1089 |
0,225 |
|
|
|
-,oxidized |
589 |
0,15 |
|
|
1089 |
0,3 |
|
|
|
Gold, mirror polished |
500 |
0,018 |
|
|
900 |
0,035 |
|
|
|
Material |
T [K] |
εn |
ε |
|
Copper, polished |
293 |
0,03 |
|
|
-, slightly tarnished |
293 |
0,037 |
|
|
-, black oxidized |
293 |
0,78 |
|
|
-, oxidized |
403 |
0,76 |
|
|
-, scraped |
293 |
0,07 |
|
|
Inconel, rolled |
1089 |
|
0,69 |
|
-, sandblasted |
1089 |
|
0,79 |
|
Iron and steel, mirror polished |
450 |
|
0,052 |
|
500 |
|
0,064 |
|
|
-, polished |
700 |
|
0,144 |
|
1300 |
|
0,377 |
|
|
-, emerized |
293 |
|
0,242 |
|
Cast iron, polished |
473 |
|
0,21 |
|
Cast steel, polished |
1044 |
|
0,52 |
|
1311 |
|
0,56 |
|
|
Iron, pre-polished |
373 |
|
0,17 |
|
oxidized surfaces: |
|
|
|
|
Iron sheet, rusty red |
293 |
|
0,612 |
|
-, heavily rusted |
292 |
|
0,685 |
|
-, rolled skin |
294 |
|
0,657 |
|
Cast iron, oxidized at 866 K |
472 |
|
0,64 |
|
872 |
|
0,78 |
|
|
Steel, oxidized at 866 K |
472 |
|
0,79 |
|
872 |
|
0,79 |
|
|
Steel plate, thick rough |
|
|
|
|
Oxide layer |
297 |
|
0,8 |
|
Cast iron, rough surface, |
|
|
|
|
Heavily oxidized |
311 to 512 |
|
0,95 |
|
molten surfaces: |
|
|
|
|
Cast iron, molten |
1572 |
0,29 |
|
|
pure iron, molten |
1789 |
0,42 |
|
|
2044 |
0,45 |
|
|
|
Plaster |
293 |
0,8–0,9 |
|
|
Glass |
293 |
0,94 |
|
|
Quartz glass (7 mm thick) |
555 |
0,93 |
|
|
1111 |
0,47 |
|
|
|
Rubber |
293 |
0,92 |
|
|
Wood, oak planed |
273 to 366 |
|
0,9 |
|
-, Beech |
343 |
|
0,91 |
|
Material |
T [K] |
εn |
ε |
|
Carbon, not oxidized |
298 |
|
0,81 |
|
773 |
|
0,79 |
|
|
-, fibers |
533 |
|
0,95 |
|
-, graphitic |
373 |
|
0,76 |
|
773 |
|
0,71 |
|
|
Corundum, emery, rough |
353 |
0,85 |
0,84 |
|
Varnishes, paints: |
|||
|
Oil paint, black |
366 |
|
0,92 |
|
-, green |
366 |
|
0,95 |
|
-, red |
366 |
|
0,97 |
|
-, white |
366 |
|
0,94 |
|
Lacquer, white |
373 |
0,925 |
|
|
-, matt black |
353 |
0,97 |
|
|
Bakelite lacquer |
353 |
0,935 |
|
|
Mennigan paint |
373 |
0,93 |
|
|
Radiators (according to VDI-74) |
373 |
0,925 |
|
|
Enamel, white on iron |
292 |
0,897 |
|
|
Magnesium oxide |
550 |
0,55 |
|
|
1100 |
0,2 |
|
|
|
Marble, light gray polished |
273 to 366 |
|
0,9 |
|
Paper |
273 |
|
0,92 |
|
366 |
|
0,94 |
|
|
Porcelain, white |
295 |
|
0,924 |
|
Quartz fireclay |
473 |
|
0,84 |
|
1073 |
|
0,56 |
|
|
1673 |
|
0,47 |
|
|
Silicon oxide |
473 |
|
0,82 |
|
1073 |
|
0,52 |
|
|
1473 |
|
0,39 |
|
|
Thorium oxide |
716 |
0,58 |
|
|
1100 |
0,21 |
|
|
|
Clay, glazed |
298 |
|
0,9 |
|
-, matte |
298 |
|
0,93 |
|
Uranium oxide |
1300 |
|
0,79 |
|
1600 |
|
0,78 |
|
|
Water |
273 |
0,95 |
|
|
373 |
0,96 |
|
|
|
Ice, smooth with water |
273 |
0,966 |
0,92 |
|
-, rough tire coating |
273 |
0,985 |
|
|
Snow |
273 |
|
0,8 |
|
Material |
T [K] |
εn |
ε |
|
Brick, red |
273 to 366 |
|
0,93 |
|
Steel, 0.25% to 1.2% C, |
|
|
|
|
slightly oxidized, melted |
1833 |
0,27 |
|
|
1983 |
0,39 |
|
|
|
Magnesium, polished |
311 |
0,07 |
|
|
811 |
0,18 |
|
|
|
Brass, not oxidized |
298 |
0,035 |
|
|
373 |
0,035 |
|
|
|
-, oxidized |
473 |
0,61 |
|
|
873 |
0,59 |
|
|
|
Molybdenum |
1000 |
0,096 |
|
|
|
2866 |
0,292 |
|
|
373 |
|
0,071 |
|
|
1673 |
|
0,17 |
|
|
Nickel, not oxidized |
298 |
|
0,045 |
|
373 |
|
0,06 |
|
|
-, oxidized |
473 |
|
0,37 |
|
873 |
|
0,478 |
|
|
Niobium, not oxidized |
1089 |
|
0,19 |
|
1366 |
|
0,24 |
|
|
Palladium |
422 |
0,026 |
|
|
1089 |
0,094 |
|
|
|
Platinum |
422 |
0,022 |
|
|
1089 |
0,123 |
|
|
|
Mercury, not oxidized |
298 |
0,1 |
|
|
373 |
0,12 |
|
|
|
Rhodium, polished |
422 |
0,012 |
|
|
1089 |
0,068 |
|
|
|
Silver, polished |
311 |
0,022 |
|
|
644 |
0,031 |
|
|
|
Tantalum, polished |
422 |
0,03 |
|
|
1089 |
0,07 |
|
|
|
-, oxidized |
422 |
0,42 |
|
|
1089 |
0,42 |
|
|
|
Titanium, oxidized |
644 |
|
0,54 |
|
1089 |
|
0,59 |
|
|
Bismuth, bare |
353 |
0,34 |
0,366 |
|
Tungsten |
298 |
|
0,024 |
|
773 |
|
0,071 |
|
|
1273 |
|
0,15 |
|
|
1773 |
|
0,23 |
|
Material |
T [K] |
εn |
ε |
|
Zinc, pure polished |
500 |
0,045 |
|
|
600 |
0,055 |
|
|
|
galvanized iron sheet |
|
|
|
|
-, blank |
301 |
0,228 |
|
|
-, gray oxidized |
297 |
0,276 |
|
|
Tin, not oxidized |
298 |
|
0,043 |
|
373 |
|
0,05 |
|
|
Tinned iron, bright |
297 |
|
0,06 |
|
2. non-metals |
|||
|
Alumina |
366 |
|
0,9 |
|
673 |
|
0,76 |
|
|
1073 |
|
0,623 |
|
|
1600 |
|
0,4 |
|
|
Asbestos, cardboard |
296 |
0,96 |
|
|
-, paper |
311 |
0,93 |
|
|
644 |
0,94 |
|
|
|
Asphalt |
300 |
|
0,93 |
|
Concrete, rough |
273 to 366 |
|
0,94 |
|
Roofing felt |
294 |
0,91 |
|