TANK - Example for TANK module

Heavy fuel oil HFO 180 shall be stored in a storage tank with circular cross section at a minimum temperature of 50°C.

Dimensions of the tank:

Inside diameter: 12 m

Height: 15 m

Filling level: 14 m

The shell of the tank consists of 8 mm steel (St steel l = 52 W/(m·K)) and is insulated shell side and roof side with 100 mm mineral wool (l = 0,04 W/(m·K)). It is placed on a 250 mm thick concrete plate with l = 2,5 W/(m·K).

What is the heat loss of the tank in the winter at an air temperature and ground temperature of - 20°C and a wind velocity of 10 m/s?

For compensating the heat losses, the tank is heated with a flat coil. The heat transfer takes place by ‘free convection’.

Heating medium:

Thermal oil Transcal LT

Volume Flow: 10 m³/h

Inlet temperature: 140 °C

Flat coil:

DN 50 (60.3 x 2.9 mm)

Material: Steel

Thermal conductivity 52 W/(m·K)

A possible fouling of the coil is not considered.

What is the heat transfer area?

Wind velocity is assumed as 10 m/s (fresh to strong wind) Ground temperature is entered with - 20°C, same as the air temperature.

If the storage medium is not included in the database, you may enter the physical properties by selecting ‘Free Input’.

Select ‘Heavy Fuel Oils and then in the module “Properties tank medium” select HFO 180

For the gas phase above the heavy fuel oil, use physical properties of air.

Wall thickness = 8 mm, l= 52 W/(m·K), thickness of mineral wool = 100 mm, l = 0.04 W/(m·K). The thermal conductivity of the soil is pre-set with 2 W/(m·K) (according VDI Heat Atlas, Soil of unknown consistency)

There is a heat loss of 21.46 kW

The medium in the tank cools down by 0.7 °C within 24 hours, unless you do not compensate the heat losses. (Calculation of the required heat transfer area)

You can find the individual calculations of the heat losses in the different modules

For compensating the heat losses the tank is heated with a flat coil. The heat transfer takes place by ‘free convection’.

Heating medium:

Thermal oil Transcal LT

Volume Flow: 10 m³/h

Inlet temperature: 140 °C

Flat coil:

DN 50 (60.3 x 2.9 mm)

Material: Steel

Thermal conductivity 52 W/(m·K)

A possible fouling of the coil is not considered.

As soon as you have entered pressure and temperature, you may select the Transcal LT thermal oil.

The required heat transfer area for compensating the heat losses of the tank is 2.179 m². This means that the flat coil made of steel of DN 50 must be of a length of 11.50 m to be able to compensate the heat losses.

Thermal conductivity l in W/(m·K) depending on temperature

Density r [10³ kg/m³] at 20°C

No.	DIN Description	Material number	Density r 10³ kg/m³	Thermal conductivity l W/(m·K)
High temperature steels, unalloyed
Temperature °C			20	-200	-100	0	20	100	200	300	400	500	600	700	800	900	1000
1	St 35.8	1.0305	7.85				57	57	54	50	45	42	37
2	St 37.8	1.0315	7.85				57	57	54	50	45	42	37
3	St 45.8	1.0405	7.85				54	53	50	47	43	40	36
4	St 42.8	1.0498	7.85				54	54	50	47	43	40	36
5	P 235 GH	1.0345	7.80				55	55	51	48	44	41
6	P 265 GH	1.0425	7.80				55	55	51	48	44	41
High temperature steels, low-alloyed			Density r	Thermal conductivity l, W/(m·K)
Temperature °C			20	-200	-100	0	20	100	200	300	400	500	600	700	800	900	1000
7	P 295 GH	1.0481	7.83				47	47	46	44	41	38	35
8	19 Mn 5	1.0482	7.83				40	41	41	40	38	36	34
9	16 Mo 3	1.5415	7.85				51	51	49	45	42	39	36
10	16 Mo 5	1.5423	7.85				48	47	46	43	40	37	34
11	15 MnNi 6-3	1.6210	7.84				42	43	43	41	39	36
12	20 MnMoNi 5-5	1.6310	7.85				42	43	43	41	39	36
13	15 NiCuMoNb 5-6-4	1.6368	7.85				38	41	42	41	39	38	35
14	13 CrMo 4-5	1.7335	7.85				46	46	46	43	41	38	36
15	12 CrMo 19-5	1.7362	7.77				20	23	25	26	27	28	28
16	10 CrMo 9-10 GS-12 CrMo 9-10	1.7380	7.80				35	37	38	38	37	35	33
17	14 MoV 6-3	1.7715	7.84				46	47	46	44	41	39	36

No.	DIN Description	Material number	Density r 10³ kg/m³	Thermal conductivity l W/(m·K)
High temperature steels, high-alloyed			Density r	Thermal conductivity l, W/(m·K)
Temperature °C			20	-200	-100	0	20	100	200	300	400	500	600	700	800	900	1000
18	X 10 CrMoVNb 9-1	1.4903	7.77				26	27	28	28	29	30	30
19	X 20 CrMoV 11-1	1.4922	7.75				24	24	25	25	26	26	26
20	X 8 CrNiMoNb 16-16	1.4981	8.01				15	16	17	19	20	21	22	24	25
21	X 12 CrMo 9-1	1.7386	7.77				21	23	24	26	27	28	29
Highly heat resisting steels			Density r	Thermal conductivity l, W/(m·K)
Temperature °C			20	-200	-100	0	20	100	200	300	400	500	600	700	800	900	1000
22	X 3 CrNiMoBN 17-13-3	1.4910	7.89				13	15	16	18	19	21	22	24	25
23	X 6 CrNiMoB 17-12-2	1.4919	7.98				16	17	18	19	20	22	23	24
24	X 6 CrNi 18-10	1.4948	7.90				17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24
25	X 3 CrNiN 18-11	1.4949	7.93				17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24
Heat-resistant steels			Density r	Thermal conductivity l, W/(m·K)
Temperature °C			20	-200	-100	0	20	100	200	300	400	500	600	700	800	900	1000
26	X 10 CrAlSi 7	1.4713	7.7				21	22	23	24	25	25	26	26
27	X 18 CrN 28	1.4749	7.7				17
28	X 15 CrNiSi 20-12	1.4828	7.9				13	14	16	17	19	21	22	23	25	26	28
29	X 10 NiCrAlTi 32-21	1.4876	8				12	13	15	16	18	20	21	23	24	26	27
30	X 5 NiCrNbCe 32-27	1.4877	8				12					20
Stainless and acid-resistant steels			Density r	Thermal conductivity l, W/(m·K)
Temperature °C			20	-200	-100	0	20	100	200	300	400	500	600	700	800	900	1000
31	X 6 Cr 17	1.4016	7.7				24	24	25	25	25	25	26	26	27	27	28
32	X 17 CrNi 16-2	1.4057	7.7				25
33	X 5 CrNi 18-10	1.4301	7.9				15	16	18	19	21	22	24	25	26	28	29
34	X 3 CrTi 17	1.4510	7.7				16	17	19	20	21	22	23	24	26	27	28
35	X 6 CrNiTi 18-10	1.4541	7.9				15	16	18	20	21	22	24	25	27	28	29
36	X 6 CrNiNb 18-10	1.4550	7.9				15	16	18	19	20	22	23	24	26	27	28
37	X 6 CrNiMoTi 17-12-2	1.4571	7.98				13	15	17	18	20	21	22	24	25

No.	DIN Description	Material number	Density r 10³ kg/m³	Thermal conductivity l W/(m·K)
Case-hardened and heat-treated steels			Density r	Thermal conductivity l, W/(m·K)
Temperature °C			20	-200	-100	0	20	100	200	300	400	500	600	700	800	900	1000
38	C 22	1.0402	7.85				55-61						35-40
39	C 45 E	1.1191	7.85				47-52						32-37
Fine-grain and low-temperature steels			Density r	Thermal conductivity l, W/(m·K)
Temperature °C			20	-200	-100	0	20	100	200	300	400	500	600	700	800	900	1000
40	St E 255	1.0461	7.85				54	53	50	47	43	40
41	P 460 N	1.8905	7.85				40	41	41	40	38	36
42	13 MnNi 6-3	1.6217	7.85				41
Aluminium alloays			Density r	Thermal conductivity l, W/(m·K)
Temperature °C			20	-200	-100	0	20	100	200	300	400	500	600	700	800	900	1000
43	EN AW-Al 99,0	EN AW-1200	2.71	327	242	235		240	237	232	226	219
44	EN AW-AlMn 1 Cu	EN AW-3003	2.73			(202)		180	183	(177)	(171)
45	EN AW-AlMg 2,5	EN AW-5052	2.68			(134)		146	155
46	EN AW-AlMg 4,5 Mn 0,7	EN AW-5083	2.66			(113)		126	137
47	EN AW-AlMg 1 SiCu	EN AW-6061	2.7			(164)		172	176	(179)	(180)
48	EN AW-AlMg 1 Si	EN AW-6060	2.7			(209)		206	202	200	197

No.	DIN Description	Material number	Density r 10³ kg/m³	Thermal conductivity l W/(m·K)
Copper alloys			Density r	Thermal conductivity l, W/(m·K)
Temperature °C			20	-200	-100	0	20	100	200	300	400	500	600	700	800	900	1000
49	CuNi 10 Fe 1 Mn	CW 352 H	8.90				51.7	60.2	70	78.9	86.7	91.9	92	85.9	90	93.3
50	CuNi 30 Mn 1 Fe	CW 354 H	8.90				25.8	29.8	34.8	39.6	44.3	48.5	52.4	56.1	59.8	63.4
51	CuZn 39 Pb 3 (Ms 58)	CW 614 N	8.47				108	119	131	136	139	138
52	CuZn 39 Pb 0.5 (Ms 60 Pb)	CW 610 N	8.40			(68)		79	90	100	(111)
53	CuZn 28 Sn 1 As (50 Ms 71)	CW 706 R	8.56		(99)	110		120	136	152
54	CuZn 38 Sn 1 (50 Ms 60)	CW 717 R	8.35	41	69	99		131	142	146	148	150	(151)
55	CuZn 20 Al 2 As (50 Ms 76)	CW 702 R	8.33		(87)	100		112	125	(138)
56	CuSn 4 (Phosphor bronze)	CW 450 K	8.90		(65)	(77)		88.6	95.2	(112)
57	CuAl 8 Fe 3 (Aluminium bronze)	CW 303 G	7.70		(61)	72		83	94	(105)
Nickel alloys			Density r	Thermal conductivity l, W/(m·K)
Temperature °C			20	-200	-100	0	20	100	200	300	400	500	600	700	800	900	1000
58	Ni 99,2	2.4066	8.90		77.4	72.2		70	61.4	56.6	55.7	57.6	59.7	61.8	63.9	65.9
59	NiCu 30 Fe	2.4360	8.80	15.5	19.7	21.4		24.3	27.6	30.6	33.5	36.8	39.8	42.7	(45.6)	(49)
60	NiCr 15 Fe	2.4816	8.43		13.1	14.5		15.9	17.3	18.9	20.4	22.2	23.9	25.6	27.3	(29.1)
61	NiCr 21 Mo	2.4858	8.10		(9.7)	(11.4)		13.4	15.1	16.6	18.4	20	21.7	23.3	24.8	26.5
62	NiCr 22 Mo 9 Nb	2.4856	8.40		7.9	9.3		10.9	12.3	13.8	15.2	16.8	18.3	19.7	21.5	23.4
63	NiMo 16 Cr 15 W	2.4819	8.90		8.1	9.6		11.2	13	14.7	16.4	18.2	20	21.8	23.5	25.3
64	NiMo 16 Cr 16 Ti	2.4610	8.60		(7.6)	(9.6)		11.2	13.2	14.9	16.8	18.5	20.4	(22.7)	(24.7)	(26.8)
65	NiMo 28	2.4617	9.20		(10.1)	11.1		12.2	13.4	14.6	16	17.3	18.7	(19.9)	(21.2)	(22.5)

No.	DIN Description	Material number	Density r 10³ kg/m³	Thermal conductivity l W/(m·K)
Other materials			Density r	Thermal conductivity l, W/(m·K)
Temperature °C			20	-200	-100	0	20	100	200	300	400	500	600	700	800	900	1000
66	Ni 36	1.3912	8.20				13	15	16	18	19
67	TiAl 6 V 4	3.7165	4.43				6.5	7.6	9.1	10.5	12	13.4	15
68	EN-GJS-415	EN-JS 1030	7.1				26.8	28.8	30.3	30.9	38.8	30.4
69	GG (w. lamell. graphite)		7.08				42.5	41.8	40.8	39.6	38.2	36.7

Reference values of insulants for building application

	Declared thermal conductivity in W/(mK) at 10 °C	Water vapor diffusion resistance factor u	Apparent density in kg/m³
Mineral wool	0.035 - 0.05	1	20 - 200
Expanded polystyrene	0.35 - 0.05	20 - 100	20 - 30
Extruded polystyrene	0.03 - 0.036	80 - 250	30 - 50
Rigid polyurethane	0.025 - 0.04	40 - 200	35 - 80
Cellular glass (CG)	0.045 - 0.055	Vapor tight	110 - 130
Phenolic foam	0.020 - 0.045	10 - 60	40 - 200
Wood wool products (WW)	0.06 - 0.065	2 - 5
Vermiculite	0.06 - 0.07		60 - 200
Expanded perlite	0.045 - 0.07	3 - 5	45 - 85

Fouling resistances for water in shell and tube heat exchangers (m²K/W)

Temperature of heating medium	Up to 120°C		120–200°C
Temperature of water	50°C		Over 50°C
	Flow velocity		Flow velocity
Cooling water	≤ 1 m/s	> 1 m/s	≤ 1 m/s	> 1 m/s
Seawater	0.00009	0.00009	0.00018	0.00018
Brackish water	0.00035	0.00018	0.00053	0.00035
Cooling tower and artificial spray pond:
Treated make up	0.00018	0.00018	0.00035	0.00035
Untreated	0.00053	0.00053	0.00090	0.00075
City or well water	0.00018	0.00018	0.00035	0.00035
River water:
Clean	0.00035	0.00018	0.00053	0.00035
Normal	0.00053	0.00035	0.00070	0.00053
Sewer	0.00141	0.00090	0.00175	0.00141
Muddy or silty water	0.00053	0.00035	0.00075	0.00053
Hard (over 250 ppm)	0.00053	0.00053	0.00090	0.00090
Engine jacket	0.00018	0.00018	0.00018	0.00018
Distilled or closed circle	0.00009	0.00009	0.00009	0.00009
Treated boiler feedwater	0.00018	0.00009	0.00018	0.00018
Boiler blowdown	0.00035	0.00035	0.00035	0.00035
Cooling water			Fouling resistance
Quench water			0.00045
Polyphosphate treatment			0.00015
Acid treatment			0.00008
Cold brine			0.0002–0.00033
Aqueous salt solutions			0.0002–0.00033

TEMA fouling resistances for oil refinery streams in shell-and-tube exchangers (m²K/W)
Crude oil and vacuum unit
a) gaseous
Vacuum overhead vapors Atmospheric tower overhead vapors Light Naphtha	0.00035 0.00018 0.00018
b) liquid Crude oil (desalted at 120°C. tube side velocity > 1.3 m/s)
T < 120°C	0.00035 – 0.0007
120°C <T < 175°C	0.00053 – 0.0007
175°C < T < 230°C	0.00070 – 0.00088
230°C < T	0.00088 – 0.0011
Light gasoline	0.00018
Kerosene	0.00035
Heavy gas oil	0.00035 – 0.00053
Gasoline	0.00035 – 0.00053
Light gas oil	0.00053 – 0.00088
Heavy fuel oils	0.00088 – 0.0012
Vacuum tower bottoms	0.0018
Atmosphere tower bottoms	0.0012
Cracking and Coking
Bottoms Slurry Oil (u>1.5 m/s)	0.00053
Light Cycle Oil	0.00035–0.00053
Light Coker Gas Oil	0.00053–0.0007
Low-boiling liquid products	0.00053
Overhead vapors	0.00035
Heavy cycle oil	0.00053–0.0007
Heavy Coker Gas Oil	0.0007–0.00088
Catalytic Reforming, Hydrocracking and Hydrodesulfurization
Reformer Charge	0.00027
Reformer Effluent	0.00027
Hydrocracker Charge and Effluent	≥ 0.00035
Hydrodesulfurization Charge and Effluent	≥ 0.00035
Recycle Gas	0.00018
Overhead vapors	0.00018
Liquid product spec. weight > 50°API	0.00018
Liquid product 30°API-50°API	0.00035

TEMA fouling resistances for oil refinery streams in shell-and-tube exchangers (m²K/W)
Light Ends Processing Streams
Overhead vapors and gases	0.00018
Liquid products	0.00018
Alkylation Trace Acid Systems	0.00035
Absorption Oils	0.00035–0.00053
Reboiler Streams	0.00035–0.00053
Visbreaker
Overhead vapor	0.00053
Visbreaker bottoms	0.00176
Catalytic Hydro Desulfurizer
Charge	0.0007–0.00088
Effluent	0.00035
H.T. Sep. Overhead	0.00035
Liquid products	0.00035
Stripper Charge	0.00053
Naphta Hydro Desulfurizer
Charge	0.00053
Effluent	0.00035
Naphtas	0.00035
Overhead	0.00025
HF alkylation
Charge	0.00018
Head condenser	0.00018
Product cooler	0.00018
Product reboiler	0.00035
Reactor charge	0.00035
Lube Oil Processing
Solvent Feed Mix	0.00035
Feed stock	0.00018
Raffinate	0.00018
Tar	0.00053–0.00088
Solvent	0.00018
Desulfurization
Overhead	0.00018
Cooler	0.00028
Return evaporator	0.00028

Fouling resistances for various fluids (m²K/W)
Oils:	Fuel Oil No.2	0.00035
	Fuel Oil No.6	0.00088
	Transformer oil	0.00018
	Engine Lube oil	0.00018
	Hydraulic Oil	0.00018
	Quench Oil	0.0007
	Pitch	0.0008
	Tar	0.0009
	Vegetable Oil	0.00053
Gases and Vapors:	Steam (non-oil bearing)	0.0000
	Steam (oil bearing)	0.00018
	Refrigerant vapors (oil bearing)	0.00035
	Alcohol vapor	0.0000
	Organic vapor	0.00009
	Ammonia	0.00018
	Carbon dioxide	0.00035
	Combustion gas (coal)	0.00018
	Combustion gas (natural gas)	0.00018–0.00035
	Diesel exhaust gas	0.0018
	Synthesis Gas	0.0018
	Compressed air	0.00018–0.00035
	Natural gas	0.00018
	Nitrogen	0.00018–0.00035
	Stable column overhead product	0.00018–0.00035

Fouling resistances for various fluids (m²K/W)
Liquids:	Refrigerant	0.00010–0.00018
	Organic heat transfer liquid	0.00018–0.00035
	Ammonia (non-oil bearing)	0.00018
	Ammonia (oil bearing)	0.00053
	Methanol solution	0.00035
	Ethanol solution	0.00035
	Glycol solution	0.00035
	LPG. LNG	0.00018–0.00035
	MEA- and DEA solution	0.00035
	DEG- and TEG solution	0.00035
	Stable column side stream	0.00018–0.00035
	Stable column bottom stream	0.00018–0.00035
	Caustic solutions	0.00035
	Black liquor	0.0007–0.0014

Table 2 – Degrees of emission ε and directional degrees of emission ε_n (β=0) for some materials as a function of temperature T

Surface	T [K]	ε_n	ε
1. Metals
Aluminum, rolled	443	0,039	0,049
	773	0,05
–, highly polished	500	0,039
	850	0,057
–, polished	373	0,095
–, roughly polished	373	0,18
–, oxidized at T = 872 K	472	0,11
	872	0,19
–, strongly oxidized	366	0,2
	777	0,31
Lead, gray oxidized	297	0,28
–, not oxidized	400	0,057
	500	0,075
–, oxidized at T = 422 K	472	0,63
Bronze, 4 to 7% Al,
–, polished	422	0,03
	1089	0,052
–, oxidized	422	0,08
	1089	0,144
Chrome, polished	423	0,058	0,071
	1089	0,36
Cobalt, polished	422	0,1
	1089	0,225
–,oxidized	589	0,15
	1089	0,3
Gold, highly polished	500	0,018
	900	0,035
Copper, polished	293	0,03
–, slightly turned	293	0,037
–, black oxidized	293	0,78
–, oxidized	403	0,76
–, rubbed to a fine degree	293	0,07
Inconel, rolled	1089		0,69
–, sand-blasted	1089		0,79

Surface	T [K]	ε_n	ε
Iron and steel, highly polished	450		0,052
	500		0,064
–, polished	700		0,144
	1300		0,377
–, rubbed with sandpaper	293		0,242
Cast iron, polished	473		0,21
Cast steel, polished	1044		0,52
	1311		0,56
Iron, roughly polished	373		0,17
Oxidized surfaces:
Iron sheet metal, rusty	293		0,612
–, strong rusty	292		0,685
–, from rolling	294		0,657
Cast iron, oxidized at T = 866 K	472		0,64
	872		0,78
Steel, oxidized at T = 866 K	472		0,79
	872		0,79
Steel sheet with a strong
Layer of oxide	297		0,8
Cast iron with a rough surface
Strongly oxidized	311 to 512		0,95
Molten surfaces:
Cast iron, molten	1572	0,29
Pure iron, molten	1789	0,42
	2044	0,45
Cast	293	0,8–0,9
Glass	293	0,94
Fused quartz (7 mm)	555	0,93
	1111	0,47
Rubber	293	0,92
Wood, planed oak	273 to 366		0,9
–, beech	343		0,91
Carbon, not oxidized	298		0,81
	773		0,79
–, fibers	533		0,95
–, graphitic	373		0,76
	773		0,71
Corundum, rough	353	0,85	0,84

Surface	T [K]	ε_n	ε
Lacquers, paints:
Oil paint, black	366		0,92
–, green	366		0,95
–, red	366		0,97
–, white	366		0,94
Lacquer, white	373	0,925
–, dull black	353	0,97
Bakelite	353	0,935
Red lead coating	373	0,93
Radiator surface paint (acc. VDI-74)	373	0,925
Enamel, white on iron	292	0,897
Magnesium oxide	550	0,55
	1100	0,2
Marble, light gray polished	273 bis 366		0,9
Paper	273		0,92
	366		0,94
Porcelain, white	295		0,924
Quartz fireclay	473		0,84
	1073		0,56
	1673		0,47
Silicon oxide	473		0,82
	1073		0,52
	1473		0,39
Thorium oxide	716	0,58
	1100	0,21
Clay, glazed	298		0,9
–, dull	298		0,93
Uranium oxide	1300		0,79
	1600		0,78
Wasser	273	0,95
	373	0,96
Ice, smooth with water	273	0,966	0,92
–, rough frost	273	0,985
Snow	273		0,8
Brick, red	273 to 366		0,93
Steel, 0.25% to 1.2% C,
Slightly oxidized, molten	1833	0,27
	1983	0,39
Magnesium, polished	311	0,07
	811	0,18

Surface	T [K]	ε_n	ε
Brass, not oxidized	298	0,035
	373	0,035
–, oxidized	473	0,61
	873	0,59
Molybdenum	1000	0,096
	2866	0,292
	373		0,071
	1673		0,17
Nickel, not oxidized	298		0,045
	373		0,06
–, oxidized	473		0,37
	873		0,478
Niobium, not oxidized	1089		0,19
	1366		0,24
Palladium	422	0,026
	1089	0,094
Platinum	422	0,022
	1089	0,123
Mercury, not oxidized	298	0,1
	373	0,12
Rhodium, polished	422	0,012
	1089	0,068
Silver, polished	311	0,022
	644	0,031
Tantalum, polished	422	0,03
	1089	0,07
–, oxidized	422	0,42
	1089	0,42
Titanium, oxidized	644		0,54
	1089		0,59
Bismuth, shiny	353	0,34	0,366
Tungsten	298		0,024
	773		0,071
	1273		0,15
	1773		0,23
Zinc, pure polished	500	0,045
	600	0,055
Iron sheet with zinc surface
–, shiny	301	0,228
–, gray oxidized	297	0,276

Surface	T [K]	ε_n	ε
Tin, not oxidized	298		0,043
	373		0,05
Iron, tin covered, shiny	297		0,06
2. Non metals
Aluminu moxide	366		0,9
	673		0,76
	1073		0,623
	1600		0,4
Asbestos, cardboard	296	0,96
–, Paper	311	0,93
	644	0,94
Asphalt	300		0,93
Concrete, rough	273 bis 366		0,94
Roofing felt	294	0,91

On this page

Example for TANK module

Task

Calculation of the heat losses

Start TANK module (option 'round sketch')

Enter given values

Select the medium to be stored / Enter physical properties

Enter the remaining values.

Results

Calculation of the required heat transfer area

Heating medium

Heating coil data

Results

Thermal conductivity of vessel material

Thermal conductivity of insulation material

Typical fouling resistances

Emissivity