Technical guidance, operating instructions and application examples for the SOL ALPHA calculation modules.
Dimensions of circular steel flanges
DIN EN 1092-1 contains the dimensions of various flange types for pressure stages from PN 2.5 to PN 400. The maximum allowable working pressure at elevated temperatures shall be assigned to different model materials of a material group in tables in accordance with Annex G. In Annex F equations are given to determine the permissible operating pressure for own flange materials. Bolt materials are included in EN 1515-1 and the associated strength class is specified in EN 1515-2.
EN 12516-2 - Working with modules 2516-A to D
Documentation and operating instructions for this calculation module.
EN 13445-3 - DIN EN 13445-3
Documentation and operating instructions for this calculation module.
EN13480 - Working with a single module in pressure vessel design
Documentation and operating instructions for this calculation module.
U-tube tubesheet heat exchangers: Load cases
Engineering guidance and application examples are available in the LV Knowledge Base.
Fixed tubesheets: Load cases
Engineering guidance and application examples are available in the LV Knowledge Base.
Floating tubesheets: Load cases
Engineering guidance and application examples are available in the LV Knowledge Base.
EN 14025 - Strength calculations with one module
Documentation and operating instructions for this calculation module.
Non-metallic flat gaskets
This module selects non-metallic flat gaskets to DIN EN 1514-1 — the dimensional standard for gaskets used with PN-designated flanges. For every combination of nominal diameter DN and nominal pressure PN, it delivers the inside and outside diameter and the gasket thickness, and d
Non-metallic flat gaskets
This module combines the dimensional standard DIN EN 1514-1 for non-metallic flat gaskets with manufacturer data for specific gasket products. Alongside the standardized dimensions — inside and outside diameter, thickness, gasket mean diameter, and effective gasket width — manufa
1591 - Flange calculation acc. to DIN EN1591 (2014)
Documentation and operating instructions for this calculation module.
Flanges and their joints
The program enables the calculation of weld-on, welding neck, blind and loose flanges. The calculation method takes into account the elasticity of the connected shell, the thermal expansion between flange and bolts and the effective gasket surface and calculates the required assembly torque for the bolts. In order to evaluate the load cases, the loads for flange, bolts, gasket and loose flange are determined.
159L - 159L-e
Documentation and operating instructions for this calculation module.
159N
The 159N module belongs to the module family for flange calculation according to DIN EN 1591-1. This standard treats gasketed flange connections as a complete system: flanges, bolts, and gasket are considered together with their stiffnesses and deformations, so that in addition t
Flanges and their joints: Load cases
Wird vom Modul 1591 automatisch angelegt.
Vertical vessels with ring supports
Design of integral ring supports and loose ring supports.
The ring is supported by several evenly distributed supports or by a single support running over the entire circumference of the ring.
Horizontal vessels on saddles
Module EN 16.08 calculates horizontal vessels without reinforcement ring on several saddles according to DIN EN 13445-3 section 16.8. The proofs for the load limit between the saddles as well as at the saddles according to the corresponding chapters 16.8.6 to 16.8.8 are carried out.
Cylindrical, conical and spherical shells under external pressure
The 18T4 module performs the shell buckling safety check for cylindrical, conical and spherical shells to DIN 18800-4 (the German steel structures standard on stability – shell buckling). The standard has been withdrawn and superseded by Eurocode 3 – for shell buckling, DIN EN 19
Wind loads
The wind loads of the individual components are calculated strictly according to Eurocode 1 according to DIN EN 1991-1-4 (EC1 module ). This module can be used independently, but isoptimized for use within module EN22.
Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance
Berechnung der Lagerreaktion bei Einwirkung von Erdbeben auf Bauwerke.
Modul 2049
Engineering guidance and application examples are available in the LV Knowledge Base.
Dimension and length scaled mass of seamless steel pipes
This module delivers the dimensions and mass per unit length of seamless steel pipes to DIN EN 10220. The standard specifies the standardized combinations of outside diameter and wall thickness in three dimension series and defines the calculation of the pipe mass per metre. Star
Seamless steel tubes under internal pressure
The 2413 module calculates the wall thickness of seamless steel pipes and pipe bends under internal pressure to DIN 2413 Part 2, a German piping standard. The standard has been withdrawn; its content was merged into the consolidated DIN 2413, and piping within the scope of the Pr
Seamless steel pipes
The 2448 module provides the dimension series of seamless steel pipes to DIN 2448, a German pipe dimension standard, and from them calculates the inside diameter, the mass per unit length and the total mass. DIN 2448 has been withdrawn; the dimensions and masses per unit length o
Modul 2458
Engineering guidance and application examples are available in the LV Knowledge Base.
Flanges
The 2505 module calculates flange connections to DIN 2505 in the 1990 draft edition. This German flange design standard has been withdrawn and was never published as a final edition; its calculation rules, however, were for decades the standard method for flange calculations in G
Bolts
The 250S module calculates the bolts of flange connections to DIN 2505 in the 1990 draft edition. This German standard has been withdrawn; new designs today follow DIN EN 1591-1 or the German AD 2000 code, Merkblatt B 7. For re-assessing existing equipment whose flange joints wer
Joint flanges
Module 25V calculates flange joints to the German pre-standard DIN 2505 (January 1986 edition). The focus is on the force balance within the joint: from internal pressure, gasket geometry and gasket factors, the module determines the pipe force, the annular-area force, the gasket
Bends
This module provides the dimension and characteristic-value tables for pipe bends to DIN 2605-1: butt-welding fittings with a reduced performance ratio (utilization factor). If you need to calculate a pipe bend to DIN 2605 or use one in a piping calculation, the module returns, f
Flat gaskets
This module provides the dimensions and characteristic values of flat gaskets to DIN 2690, DIN 2691, DIN 2692 and DIN 2697. This series of German standards assigns the matching gasket dimensions — inside diameter, outside diameter and thickness — to every combination of nominal d
Cylindrical shells under internal pressure
Module 301 calculates cylindrical shells under internal pressure to TRD 301 (edition 1997-10) — the German technical rule for steam boilers that governed the design of boiler drums, headers and cylindrical boiler components in Germany for decades. The TRD codes have been withdraw
Cylindrical shells with / without branches
Module 301A performs the fatigue (cyclic loading) assessment for cylindrical shells with and without branches to TRD 301, Annex 1 (edition 1996-08) — the German TRD steam boiler code. It calculates the allowable number of load cycles for pulsating internal pressure with superimpo
Spherical shells and dished heads under internal and external pressure
This module calculates spherical shells and dished ends under internal and external pressure to TRD 303, part of the German Technical Rules for Steam Boilers (TRD). For the internal pressure case, the required wall thickness is determined from the design pressure, the material st
Spherical shells subject to cyclic stressing
This module performs the fatigue analysis of spherical shells under cyclic loading to TRD 303 Annex 1, part of the German Technical Rules for Steam Boilers (TRD). From the pressure and temperature cycles of operation — minimum and maximum cycle pressure, minimum and maximum cycle
Dished tubesheets
This module calculates dished furnace-tube end plates (furnace end heads) to TRD 304, part of the German Technical Rules for Steam Boilers (TRD). In shell boilers and fire-tube boilers, these dished ends connect the furnace tube to the cylindrical shell; the spherical cap is load
Flat walls, anchorages and stiffening girders
This module calculates flat walls, stays and stiffening girders to TRD 305 (1996 edition with 2002 supplements), part of the German Technical Rules for Steam Boilers (TRD). Flat ends and plates — circular, oval or rectangular, with or without a flanged rim, with or without openin
Cylindrical shells under external pressure
This module verifies cylindrical shells under external pressure to TRD 306, part of the German Technical Rules for Steam Boilers (TRD). Typical applications in steam boiler construction are furnace tubes and other flue-gas-heated tubes and shell courses loaded by external pressur
Elongation bolts and full shank bolts
This module calculates waisted (reduced-shank) studs and full-shank bolts to TRD 309, part of the German Technical Rules for Steam Boilers (TRD), for detachable, preloaded joints in steam boiler construction — typically gasketed flange and cover bolting. Starting from the forces
Modul 3840
Engineering guidance and application examples are available in the LV Knowledge Base.
Modul 38B
Engineering guidance and application examples are available in the LV Knowledge Base.
Modul 38C
Engineering guidance and application examples are available in the LV Knowledge Base.
Additional tests of components
This module supports the in-service monitoring of steam boiler components to TRD 508 Annex 1 ("Additional inspections of components"), part of the German Technical Rules for Steam Boilers (TRD). For components operated in the creep range or under cyclic loading, the accumulated e
Circular flanges
Shells under internal pressure
Welding-neck flanges, slip-on flanges, loose type flanges
Self-sealing closures
Oval flanges, rectangular flanges, bolt calculation
Self-sealing joints
Spherical shell with adjacent flange
Dished heads
Spherical shells according 8.3
Flat circular plates and rotary ring plates
Flat plates with annular groove
Bolted covers flat plates with/without bore/nozzle
Gland flange loads according chapter 11
U-Tube Heatexchangers
Rules for the Design of U-Tube Tubesheets
Fixed Tubesheets
Rules for the Design of Fixed Tubesheets
Floating Tubesheets
Rules for the Design of Fixed Tubesheets
Safety facilities to protect against pressure transgression: Safety valves
Safety valves must be able to safely dissipate the mass flow to be discharged in the event of a malfunction. The narrowest cross-section required for this, can be designed in accordance with AD 2000 Merkblatt A2.
Module A2 determines the required narrowest cross-section of safety valves for gases, vapours and liquids.
Flanges acc. ASME VIII Div 2 - 2025 Edition
The A416 module can be used to calculate inserted integral flanges and loose flanges / loose flanges with collar or without tapered shoulder. For the installation condition a design for the max. bolt force is possible. The required auxiliary variables are displayed.
Stresses in tees with external loads
Connectors usually have smaller wall thicknesses than the corresponding base or branch pipe. It is therefore necessary to perform a separate strength verification for these areas
The program calculates the current stress state from the input of geometry data, loads and gain factors.
Waste gas losses
Module ABGV calculates the flue gas losses of combustion plants based on the Energietechnische Arbeitsmappe (14th edition, 1995), a German energy engineering reference handbook. The flue gas loss is the share of the supplied fuel energy that escapes unused through the stack with
Modul ABHI
Engineering guidance and application examples are available in the LV Knowledge Base.
Bracket / lug on cylindrical shell (ASME VIII-2 & WRC 537)
Design of brackets / lugs attached to cylindrical or spherical shells. Local shell stresses are assessed per WRC Bulletin 537 (polynomial approximations of the Bijlaard charts); stress categorization and acceptance criteria per ASME VIII Division 2, Part 5 Table 5.6. Additionally the bracket plate bending stress and the attachment weld are checked by classical beam / weld theory.
Design of tube register heat exchangers
Design of heat exchangers with rectangular bundles. Different media can be selected in and around the tubes. The heat transfer can be assumed to be single-phase, but also evaporation (only in the tubes) and condensation of pure substances can be calculated.
Heat transfer during flow around tube spirals
The ACOI module calculates heat transfer for flow around helical tube coils. Helical coils – tube bundles wound in a helix – are widely used in apparatus engineering: as heating or cooling coils in vessels and agitated tanks, in coiled-tube heat exchangers, or as cooling register
Worksheet for pressure vessel design
The Project module summarizes operational and test data, as well as the main parts of a pressure vessel including main geometrical data and used material in one working sheet. For the final calculation, the specified modules are adjusted and their data are connected to the working sheet.
The Project module determines which calculation code is used and according to which standard the material definition should be done.
AD 2000
Documentation and operating instructions for this calculation module.
Minimum wall thickness
Module ADR can be used to calculate the required minimum thicknesses and the calculation pressure according to EN 14025 and ADR. Annex A of EN 14025 quotes extracts from ADR(European Agreement concerning the International Transport of Dangerous Goods by Road (Accord européen relatif au transport international des marchandises Dangereuses par Route) and RID (Regulation on the International Transport of Dangerous Goods by Rail).
ADZ1
Anyone placing pressure equipment on the market must provide, in addition to the design calculations, a complete set of technical documentation in accordance with the Pressure Equipment Directive 2014/68/EU (PED). Module ADZ1 supports this documentation step within the framework
ADZ2
The Pressure Equipment Directive 2014/68/EU requires the manufacturer to subject the pressure equipment to a hazard analysis: all pressure-related hazards must be identified, evaluated and controlled by design, by protective measures or by user information. Module ADZ2 supports t
Bolted flanges
The AFL module can be used to calculate inserted integral flanges and loose flanges / loose flanges with collar or without tapered shoulder. For the installation condition a design for the max. bolt force is possible. The required auxiliary variables are displayed.
Dimensions of forged flanges
The AFLT module provides the dimensions of forged flanges to ASME B16.5 — the governing standard for piping flanges from NPS 1/2 to NPS 24 in pressure classes 150 through 2500. Instead of a strength calculation, the module delivers the standardized geometry data: outside diameter
Vessels on a singular, central cylindrical supporting element
All occurring stresses are compared and evaluated with the allowable stress of the respective component.
External shell knuckles
The AKR module calculates the stress for the knuckle of a jacketed shell and for the transition to the pressure vessel. The module can differentiate between drawn-in and braided knuckles. Both the upper and lower end knuckles are taken into account. The program offers a graphical representaion of the geometric conditions, so that single input and output data can also be presented figuratively.
Determination of the maximum number of load cycles under fatigue
The decisive fatigue curve is selected depending on the magnitude of the principal stress differences and the selection of the vessel material. From this, the maximum permissible number of load cycles is determined. Intermediate values are precisely interpolated logarithmically and thus permit optimum utilisation of the material.
Live loads on a cylindrical body with attachments
For h ≤ 50 m
GPD check - global plastic deformation (DIN EN 13445-3 Annex B.8.2)
Result checker for DIN EN 13445-3:2021 Annex B ("Design by Analysis - Direct Route"). Annex B is an acceptance framework for nonlinear FE analyses (limit load, buckling, elastic-plastic stress fields) of arbitrary geometries; it does not provide closed-form geometry-to-stress formulas. This module therefore only covers the calculable part of the annex - the partial safety factors and design values of actions (B.6, Tables B.8-1..B.8-4) and of material strength (Tables B.8-2/B.8-4) - and the final comparison against results the user takes from an EXTERNAL nonlinear FE analysis (load factor, failure limit value, principal structural strain). It covers all four checks of B.8: GPD (B.8.2), shakedown (B.8.3), stability/buckling (B.8.4) and static equilibrium (B.8.6); the fatigue check (B.8.5) simply refers to Section 18 and is not part of this module. The nonlinear FE analysis itself must be performed outside Atlas.
Straight tubes, bends and branches (Process Piping)
The module ASME B31.3 determines the pipe dimensions according to ASME B36.10 / B36.19 and the required wall thickness according to ASME B31.3. Pipe bends are taken into account.
LV ANSYS - Execution of a FE calculation with LV-ANSYS
Documentation and operating instructions for this calculation module.
Annex B: Furnace calculation temperature
AnnexB
App. 9 Jacketed Vessels
Calculation of the closure of jacketed vessels
Integral flat heads with a large, single, circular, centrally located opening
The AP14 module calculates welded (integral) flat heads with a large, single, circular, centrally located opening to ASME BPVC Section VIII, Division 1, Mandatory Appendix 14. Such heads fall outside the scope of the normal opening reinforcement rules of UG-39: as soon as the ope
Expansion Joints: U shape bellows
The AP26 module calculates unreinforced expansion joints with U-shaped bellows convolutions to ASME BPVC Section VIII, Division 1, Mandatory Appendix 26. Metal bellows compensate axial, lateral, and angular displacements between equipment and piping — for example the differential
Basis for establishing allowable loads for tube-to-tubesheet joints
The APA module determines the allowable axial loads of the tube-to-tubesheet joint to ASME BPVC Section VIII, Division 1, Nonmandatory Appendix A. The tube-to-tubesheet joint — expanded, welded, or combined — must transfer the axial tube forces that arise in fixed-tubesheet heat
Flat face flanges with metal-to-metal contact outside the bolt circle
Flat face flanges with metal-to-metal contact outside the bolt circle behave fundamentally differently from conventional flange joints with an inside gasket: the contact ring outside the bolts acts as a lever fulcrum, so the bolt load in the operating condition rises beyond the p
Saddle support design for horizontal vessels (ASME VIII-2)
Design verification of horizontal pressure vessels supported by saddle supports according to ASME BPVC Section VIII Division 2 (2025), Paragraph 4.15.3 (L. P. Zick analysis). Evaluates the internal moments (M1, M2) and shear force (T) at the saddles, the longitudinal, tangential shear and circumferential stresses in the shell and head, the stiffening-ring stresses and the horizontal saddle force Fh, together with the corresponding acceptance criteria. The stress coefficients K1..K10 of Table 4.15.1 are evaluated as closed-form functions of the saddle contact angle.
Seismic Base Shear for Nonbuilding Structures not Similar to Buildings
In order to determine the resulting shear force at the base of a structure by the effect of an earthquake on it, the installation conditions are queried, e.g. structure type, soil class, load class, country code, foundation condition. Together with the height of the structure and the weight of the structure as well as information on the duration and intensity of the impact, the resulting shear force at the base of the structure (clamping/bearing) can then be determined.
ASME VIII
Documentation and operating instructions for this calculation module.
Wind Load Analysis - Chimney, Stacks and Vertical Tanks
After entering the boundary conditions, the total load at the base of the component is calculated. The loads for several segments (12*5ft – 8*10ft – 4*20ft – 8*50ft segments) of the component are listed individually in order to be able to make a possible comparison.
Spherically dished covers (bolted heads)
The ATB module determines the required wall thickness of spherical dished heads and the required flange thickness for internal and full face gaskets. With dished heads without additional flange rings, clamp bolts are also considered.
LV-Atlas - ATLAS help
Documentation and operating instructions for this calculation module.
Unreinforced openings in cylindrical shells
The user can choose from seven designs and view various images of the geometric input variables and an overview of the calculation bases with an HTML browser. The required wall thicknesses for the cylindrical shell or branch and the permissible internal pressure are calculated. The material properties are taken from the database and the permissible stress is determined according to Section 6 of DIN EN 12952-3 with the appropriate safety factor.
Design of pressure vessels: Design pressure / test pressure
Module B0 determines the calculation and test pressure for vessels under internal pressure.
Cylindrical and spherical shells under internal pressure
Design and verification of thin-walled cylindrical and spherical shells according to AD 2000-Merkblatt B1.
Thick-walled cylindrical shells under internal pressure
Module B10 determines the required wall thickness of thick-walled cylinders. It also calculates the comparative stresses resulting from the internal pressure and the thermal stresses on the internal and external fibers.
Bends
With module B1.1 pipe bends with different wall thicknesses can be designed. The radius of curvature can be related to the inner or outer diameter. Furthermore, bends of the same wall thickness can be verified according to DIN 2605 (3-d) and DIN 2606 (5-d). The corresponding tables are integrated into the module.
Single-wall expansion joints
Single wall bellows expansion joints can be designed with module B13. It also determines the axial and flexural spring constants of a bellows shaft and the permissible number of load cycles.
Calculation options
Bellows expansion joints with circumferential seam
Bellows expansion joints without circumferential weld: cold-hardened
Bellows expansion joints without circumferential seam: normalized
Dimensions of reducers
Reducers connect piping sections of different nominal size — as a concentric design with a common axis, or as an eccentric design with a continuous outer line, for example for drainable horizontal lines. This module provides the standardized dimensions of reducers per ASME/ANSI B
Conical shells under internal and external pressure
Module B2 determines the run-out length and the required wall thickness in the transition area between cylinder and cone as well as the required wall thickness of the cone shell outside the run-out area.
Korbbogen type ends under internal and external pressure
The module B3 determines the required wall thickness in the knuckle area and in the crown section area, as well as the necessary skirt height of torispherical ends, semi-ellipsoidal ends or hemispherical ends. For the actual wall thickness, the largest unreinforced opening is indicated, which requires no additional proof.
Power Piping: Straight Pipes and Bendings with Reinforcements
Determination of the required wall thickness and the maximum operating pressure for straight pipes, pipe bends and T-shaped branches.
Spherical dished covers under internal and external pressure
Spherical dished ends with loose flange, spherical dished ends with reinforced flange, and spherical dished ends with the same wall thickness in head and flange can be dimensioned with the module B4.
Flat ends and plates and anchorage
The module B5 determines the required wall thickness of stiffened or unstiffened flat ends and plates. Through an interactive decision-making process the final form is determined. For plates with boundary moment the gasket factors are provided.
Flat plates in heat exchangers
The module B5 determines the required wall thickness of stiffened or unstiffened flat ends and plates. Through an interactive decision-making process the final form is determined. For plates with boundary moment the gasket factors are provided. In the B51 module for heat exchanger ends we've added an equation for the ligament efficiency.
Verification of the axial force
he B51A module determines the stress in the shell and the pipes, for stiff, solidly anchored heads. The effect of different thermal expansion is also taken into account.
Circular flat tube sheets with protruding flange edges
Many shell-and-tube heat exchangers are built with tubesheets whose rim extends beyond the shell as a flange: the tubesheet is at the same time the sealing surface and is bolted between the shell flange and the channel flange. The protruding flange rim is subjected to bending mom
Fatigue strength of fixed tube sheet heat exchangers
The B51F module calculates the fatigue strength of fixed heat exchanger tubesheets. It considers the pressure change on both sides (shell-side and tube-side) and the influence of the maximum temperature change.
Plain rectangular tubes and partitioned chambers
Module B5A1 applies to pressure vessels of rectangular cross-section with and without drill hole lines. The design rules consider only deformations caused by internal pressure. After specification of the geometry and materials, the program calculates the required wall thickness with and without openings. The corresponding equations are listed in the mask.
Cylindrical shells with expansion joints under external pressure
With the module B6 the allowable external pressure can be calculated against elastic instability and plastic deformation. The simplified calculation for tubes is contained. Furthermore, the stiffening rings can be dimensioned.
Bolts
The module B7 determines the minimum bolt forces for circular, rectangular or arbitrary bolted connections with internal or full-face gaskets.
Flanges
The module B8 calculates the required flange thickness of
welding-neck flanges
welding-neck hubs
set-on flanges
set-on hubs
set-on flanges with hinged bolts
internal weld flanges
loose flanges
flanges with full face gasket
segmented loose flanges with one ring
segmented loose flanges with offset rings
loose flanges with segmented insert ring
bolted flanges
B8 - Variable list
Documentation and operating instructions for this calculation module.
Adjacent openings in cylindrical, conical and spherical shells
The B9 module is the mere equivalent of the worksheet B9.
Adjacent openings in spherical shell
The B9N module is a combination of worksheet B9 and TRD 301/303.
Modul BAEL
Engineering guidance and application examples are available in the LV Knowledge Base.
Buildings in German earthquake areas
Module BEBEN determines the restraining forces and moments from earthquake loads for regular structures according to DIN EN 1998-1 Eurocode 8 or DIN 4149 ( seismic calculation ). The building mass can be distributed evenly or variably over the height.
Seismic loads
This module calculates the seismic loads on vertical cylindrical process equipment per DIN 4149-1, the German earthquake design standard. Starting from the seismic zone, the horizontal acceleration is determined and processed via the type of structure, ground factor and reduction
Trace heating system
The BEHE module can be used to determine the required number of trace heating pipes. The heat transfer coefficient, the heat loss and the heating medium requirement are determined.
For single-phase fluids, a distinction is made as to whether the heat-tracing pipes are laid with or without thermal conduction cement. In addition, the nominal diameter can be optimised on the basis of the flow velocity.
Vessels with legs
For vessels on supports or support feet, the BEINmodule performs a stress analysis of the vessel wall and a stability analysis in accordance with AD S3/0. A database for standard profiles (T, U, H, etc.) according to DIN 1024 is integrated.
Weight forces G and transverse forces Q (e.g. wind loads) can be specified. If the maximum normal force according to AD-S3/3 is exceeded, a stability check according to DIN 18800 Part 2 is performed.
Vessels on supporting legs
After selecting the material and specifying the geometrical data of the vessel and the legs, the EN16.11 module calculates the design criteria for
Torispherical heads
Semi elliptical heads
Supporting legs with and without impingement plate
Load at the vessel with additional forces and moments
Moments of inertia
With the program BIEG moments of inertia and geometry data can be determined for
T - shape structural steels according to DIN 1024
I - shape structural steels according to DIN 1025
U - shape structural steels according to DIN 1026
L - shape structural steels according to DIN 1027 and
Angle steels according to DIN 1028 and DIN 1029.
Properties of wort and beer
The program determines the temperature-dependent physical properties of wort and beer.
The temperature range is from 0 to 75 °C.
BIFL
The BIFL module balances humid air during desuperheating and condensation. A typical application is the compressed-air aftercooler downstream of a compressor: ambient air with a known relative humidity φ is drawn in, compressed, enters the cooler hot, and is cooled below its dew
Material and heat balancing
The BIL module carries out the material and heat balancing of heat transfer duties. The balance is the first step of every heat exchanger design: before geometry, overall heat transfer, and pressure drop are considered, it must be established what heat flow is transferred between
Bends
This module calculates pipe bends under internal pressure to TRD 301 Annex 2, part of the German Technical Rules for Steam Boilers (TRD). In a pipe bend, the stress distribution around the circumference is not constant: at the inside of the bend (intrados) the hoop stress exceeds
Calculation of film temperature in thermal oil heaters
The module considers different geometric coil configurations for the most widely differing operating modes of thermal oil heaters. The radiation and convection coils may arranged in series or parallel. The thermal oil can be supplied or withdrawn in the burner area (countercurrent or co-current operation). The coils can have different tube dimensions and consist of several coils twisted into each other.
Vessels lying on saddles: Consideration of additional forces
Module BS55 calculates horizontal cylindrical vessels on saddle supports to the British pressure vessel standard BS 5500 (1985 edition), taking additional forces into account. This edition of the standard has been withdrawn — its successor is PD 5500 (Specification for unfired fu
Biertank Kühlung
The BTK module calculates the cooling of beer tanks – cylindroconical fermentation and storage tanks (CCTs) as used in breweries for fermentation, maturation, and cold storage. The tanks are temperature-controlled by external cooling zones, typically half-pipe cooling jackets on
Bulk loads in silos
Module BULK calculates bulk solids loads in silos to DIN EN 1991-4 (Eurocode 1, Part 4). It determines the wall pressures from the stored bulk solid — horizontal pressure, wall frictional traction and vertical pressure — for the filling state and as the basis for the discharge st
Tubesheets and bolts (split design)
The BV29 module calculates tubesheets, covers and the associated bolted connections of shell-and-tube heat exchangers to TGL 32903/29. It covers the split design with a separate tubesheet and bolted cover as well as channels of integral (non-split) construction; in addition, the
Heat Exchangers: Calculation Methods
This module provides the fundamental heat exchanger calculation methods of the VDI Heat Atlas, chapter C1 (12th edition, 2019). It links the heat balance of the two streams with the rate equation Q = k·A·ΔT m and answers the two standard questions of practice: what transfer area
Modul CAAL
Engineering guidance and application examples are available in the LV Knowledge Base.
Control valves for liquids and gases
The CAV module is used to calculate control valves for liquids and gases and takes the following states into account:
Critical flow conditions
Laminar flow
Liquid inlet
Subcritical flow conditions
Reduction before the control valve
Gaseous inlet
It is possible to integrate files about the characteristic values of the valves from the different manufacturers or to address them externally.
Heat Exchangers: Heat Transfer and Heat Transfer Coefficients
This module calculates overall heat transfer and the overall heat transfer coefficient to the VDI Heat Atlas, chapter C2 (12th edition, 2019). The overall heat transfer coefficient k combines the series resistances of the heat transport: convective heat transfer on both sides of
Heat Transfer Networks
This module supports the analysis and structuring of heat exchanger networks using the pinch method, based on the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas, 12th edition 2019). Starting from the hot and cold product streams of a process and the additional utilities (heating and cooling medi
Heat transfer and pressure drop for shell and tube heat exchanger with disk and doughnut baffles
The module calculates the pressure loss and heat transfer in the outer space of shell-and-tube heat exchangers with disk and doughnut baffles.
The tube sheet data can be transferred from the SPIE module. The CIRC module can be integrated into the WTS program package for the calculation of complete heat exchangers.
Properties of carbon dioxide
The program determines the properties of carbon dioxide depending on temperature and pressure.
Ranges of validity:
Single phase
Temperature: -55 °C up to 900 °C
Pressure: 1 bar up to 2000 bar*
Boiling
Temperature: -56 °C up to 30 °C
Coil heat exchangers
With the COIL program, coil heat exchangers can be designed for gaseous and liquid media as well as for condensing pure substances. Evaporation is not calculated
CYCL
The CYCL module sizes centrifugal separators (cyclones) for gas-solid separation. From the gas properties (density, dynamic viscosity), the solids data (solid density, bulk density, void fraction of the bed) and the operating data (volume or mass flow, inlet velocity, inlet dust
Modul DE01
Engineering guidance and application examples are available in the LV Knowledge Base.
Covers for manholes
The Deck module is used for access openings with flat or curved covers for tank vehicles. It calculates the required thickness and the required screw cross-section. Flat or dished design is available.
Thermal Conductivity of Beds
This module calculates the effective thermal conductivity of packed beds – both permeable and non-permeated – according to the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas, 12th edition 2019). A bed of particles – spheres, cylinders, or other packing material – with gas-filled or liquid-filled
Modul DEMO
Engineering guidance and application examples are available in the LV Knowledge Base.
Modul DGKP
Engineering guidance and application examples are available in the LV Knowledge Base.
Characteristic values of gaskets
The program offers a selection of standard gaskets as well as a manual input of special gaskets data. Simultaneously, the gasket factors are calculated according to ASME standard.
Stodola's law
The DKEG module evaluates Stodola's steam cone law, the classical relationship between mass flow and pressure drop of a multi-stage turbine blade group. The steam cone law describes how the swallowing capacity of a blading behaves when operation departs from the design point: the
Steam residual-steam condensation in heat exchanger groups
The DNK module calculates the heating of air by steam, starting from superheating condition to the supercooled liquid region.
Documentation
With the DOKU module, additional texts can be integrated into the documentation and printed out later.
Own Word files can be integrated.
Heat transfer and pressure drop in corrugated tubes
On the basis of experimental approaches, the DRLL module calculates the heat transfer coefficient and the resistance coefficient or pressure loss in flow-through corrugated tubes.
Flow measurement with pressure difference devices
The DROS module includes the necessary equations for designing all throttles dealt with in the ISO 5167-1 (orifices with corner, D-D/2, and flange pressure sampling, ISA- and long-radius-nozzles, as well as Venturi tubes and Venturi nozzles). In addition, both the flow rate from the measured differential pressure and the differential pressure associated with a given flow rate can be determined.
Pressure drop in cross flow over finned tube bundles
The DRRB module calculates the pressure drop in cross-flow over finned tube bundles. Finned tubes multiply the heat-transfer surface on the gas side and are standard in air coolers, economizers, waste-heat boilers and condensers — the price of the finning is an increased flow res
Steam generator radiation loss
The DSTR module calculates the radiation and conduction loss of steam generators — the heat that boiler walls, casing and fittings release to the surroundings by radiation and convection. This loss component enters the boiler efficiency and must be quantified in every efficiency
Modul DUES
Engineering guidance and application examples are available in the LV Knowledge Base.
U-tube tubesheet heat exchangers
Module EN13.04 calculates tubesheets of U-tube heat exchangers to DIN EN 13445-3, clause 13.4. In a U-tube exchanger, the tube bundle is fixed to a single tubesheet only; the thermal expansion of the tubes is accommodated without restraint by the U-bends. The tubesheet is therefo
Fixed tubesheets
Module EN13.05 calculates fixed tubesheets of heat exchangers to DIN EN 13445-3, clause 13.5. In a fixed-tubesheet exchanger, both tubesheets are welded rigidly to the shell; tubes and shell form a statically indeterminate system in which pressure and temperature loads interact.
Floating tubesheets
The EN13.06 module calculates the tubesheets of floating-head heat exchangers to DIN EN 13445-3, Clause 13.6. In the floating-head design, only one of the two tubesheets is rigidly connected to the shell and channel; the second tubesheet can move axially together with the tube bu
E13a
The E13A module is part of the tubesheet calculation for shell-and-tube heat exchangers to EN 13445-3, Clause 13. This input form collects the material- and cross-section-related fundamentals of the verification: design strength values, safety factors, moduli of elasticity, yield
E13b
The E13B module belongs to the tubesheet calculation for shell-and-tube heat exchangers to EN 13445-3, Clause 13, and deals with the connection and gasket geometry of the tubesheet. It records the tube layout (tube hole pitch, largest center-to-center distance between adjacent tu
E13C
The E13C module covers the bundle part of the tubesheet calculation for fixed tubesheet heat exchangers to EN 13445-3, Clause 13. In addition to the tube layout geometry (tube hole pitch, tube row spacings per Fig. 13.7.3-1, pass partition groove, untubed areas), the bundle data
Local loads on nozzles in spherical shells
e.g. nozzles under force and torque with or without reinforcing disc
Local loads on nozzles in cylindrical shells
e.g. nozzles under force and torque with or without reinforcing disc
Line loads
contains general requirements for the calculation of axially symmetrical containers which are exposed to a local line load in the longitudinal or circumferential direction.
E168
The E168 module verifies horizontal cylindrical vessels on saddle supports to EN 13445-3, Clause 16 (Section 16.8). Statically, a horizontal vessel behaves like a beam on two supports: dead weight and liquid contents produce bending moments and shear forces, which the module eval
Horizontal vessels on ring supports
Calculation of horizontal cylindrical vessels with support rings welded to the shell on the inside or outside. The rings are mounted on saddles or support feet.
E17N
The E17N module is a supplementary input form for the simplified fatigue assessment of pressure vessels to EN 13445-3, Clause 17. It serves to define the stress factor of a component detail – that is, the factor by which the nominal stress range calculated from the pressure fluct
Load transformation of nozzle loads for horizontal vessels on two saddles
BASF works standard: Load transformation at nozzle loads for horizontal tanks on two saddles according to BASF E-S-MC 912 (April 2016) with consideration of the NozzleSpecApp
Steady conduction of heat
This module calculates steady-state heat conduction according to the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas, 12th edition 2019) for the classic basic geometries: plane walls and plates, hollow cylinders (pipes), and hollow spheres – each also in multilayer form – as well as fins, rods, a
Heat loss of walls and pipeworks
This module calculates the heat loss of walls and pipework according to the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas, 12th edition 2019). It covers insulated and uninsulated pipes and walls, exposed pipes indoors and outdoors – there with wind influence on the external heat transfer – as w
EC - EC-e
Documentation and operating instructions for this calculation module.
Modul EC3A
Engineering guidance and application examples are available in the LV Knowledge Base.
Cylinder
The EC3Cyl module verifies the stability and the thickness of the cylindrical shells, based on EN 1993-1-6. the module was extended by EN 1993-4-1 to be able to calculate complete silos and storage tanks. It replaces the 18T4 module, which was based on the withdrawn DIN 18800-4.
Since these standards only provide for the use of C-steels, the module has also been extended for the use of stainless steels up to temperatures of 500°C.
Dimensioning of circular conical roofs
The EC3Roof module designs circular conical roofs of tank and silo structures to DIN EN 1993-4-1, Section 7. Conical roofs close cylindrical tanks and silos at the top and are loaded by dead weight, snow, wind, imposed loads from access, and possibly internal vacuum. Two limit st
Ring Stiffeners
The EC3Stiff module is an extension of the EC3Cyl module.
Here the cylindrical shells with ring stiffeners are verified. The following function types (internal or external) of the ring stiffeners (flat steel) are available:
Light ring stiffener
Heavy intermediate ring stiffener
Heavy end ring stiffener
Cone
The EC3Cone module designs conical silo hoppers to DIN EN 1993-4-1, Section 6. The hopper is the most heavily loaded component of a silo: it carries the entire weight of the stored bulk solid via meridional membrane forces into the transition junction with the cylindrical shell,
EC8 - EC8-e
Documentation and operating instructions for this calculation module.
Diagonal stays
The ECKA module determines the optimal diagonal stay cross sections according to the magazine "Technische Überwachung".
Furthermore, the hanger rod width is in the center as well as at the end side and shell side connection are presented, which simplifies the tension flux conform styling.
Smooth circular flanges type 01
The EF01 module provides the dimensions of smooth circular flanges of type 01 to DIN EN 1092-1, edition 2002-05, as a set of standard tables. Type 01 is the plain slip-on plate flange for sliding onto and welding to the pipe – the simplest and most widely used design in piping an
Loose circular flanges type 02
Module EF02 provides the dimensions of Type 02 loose (lap-joint) flanges to DIN EN 1092-1, edition 2002-05, as a lookup table. The loose flange is not fixed to the pipe; it sits freely rotatable behind a collar or lapped stub end (weld-neck collar or lapped pipe end) and presses
Flanges
The module package contains the dimensions of the flanges listed in EN 1092-1 and associated components for pressure stages PN 6 and higher.
The flange calculation is based on DIN EN 13445-3 chapter 11 and the Taylor Forge method.
In principle, DIN EN 13445-3, chapter 11 permits a calculation for internal and external pressure for a wide variety of flange types and covers almost all possible designs
Circular steel flanges
The EFLA module provides the dimension tables for circular steel flanges to DIN EN 1092-1. If you want to select a circular flange by nominal pressure and nominal size, you get all the geometric characteristics here: outside diameter, bolt circle diameter, bore diameter, flange t
Properties of natural gas
The module calculates the physical properties of natural gas (gaseous).
Two characteristic compositions of natural gas L and H are available.
The concentrations of the individual components (methane, ethane, propane, butane, nitrogen and carbon dioxide) can be entered freely.
Design of bellows
The expansion joints might be single expansion joints or universal epansion joints. The user specifies pressure, temperature, the geometrical dimensions, the materials and the movements.
The movements of a pre-stressing of the expansion joint can be considered.
Rectangular bellows
The EJMR module calculates rectangular expansion joints to the EJMA Standards (8th Edition, 2003). Rectangular bellows are used wherever large, non-circular cross-sections have to absorb thermal expansion — typically in flue-gas and air ducts of power plants, at electrostatic pre
Fatigue life (simplified)
These rules are based on conservative assumptions. More precise results will be achieved with the EN18 program. This also applies to other alternating stresses, e.g. due to temperature changes during operation or changes in external loads..
However, it is permitted and possible to use this program to calculate cyclic loads which do not represent compressive loads, taking into account the specifications and limitations of the standard.
E17N - Simplified assessment of fatigue life EN 13445-3/chapter 17:2015-12
Documentation and operating instructions for this calculation module.
Modul ELFP
Engineering guidance and application examples are available in the LV Knowledge Base.
Elasticity criterion of pipes
Piping between two anchor points must be able to absorb elastically the thermal expansion that develops between the initial and final temperatures — otherwise inadmissible stresses arise in the pipe and high loads act on nozzles and supports. Whether a three-dimensional pipe rout
ELLU
The ELLU module performs the thermal and fluid dynamic design of electric air and gas heaters with heating rods. From the medium, the inlet pressure, the inlet and outlet temperatures and the mass flow or standard volume flow, the required heat duty is balanced; the module then c
Flat Ends
Calculations to determine the thickness of round and non-circular unstayed flat ends under pressure. The sufficient reinforcements for openings in such ends are also proven.
Plates with or without boundary moment can be calculated.
No tubesheets.
Dished ends (bolted domed ends)
Recognised and proven methods for the design of bolted domed ends, with either full face or narrow face gaskets, and with the dome either convex or concave to pressure.
Rectangular pressure vessels
Module EN15 comprises calculation rules for the design of rectangular pressure vessels with and without reinforcements. The calculation takes into account stresses caused by internal overpressure. After entering the geometry and materials, the program determines the existing membrane and bending stresses and checks the geometric conditions and allowable stresses.
EN17
The EN17 module performs the simplified fatigue assessment for pressure fluctuations to EN 13445-3, Clause 17. Pressure vessels that are cyclically loaded and unloaded – such as buffer vessels downstream of reciprocating compressors, adsorbers in swing operation or autoclaves – m
Fatigue life (detailed)
Detailed calculation of the fatigue life of pressure vessels and pressure vessel components under alternating stress. The alternating stress can be caused by pressure and temperature fluctuations, but also by external at any time.
However, the calculation according to this method requires knowledge of the structural stresses.
Reinforcements for flat walls or round ends
Modul EN20 berechnet Verankerungen ebener Wände nach EN 13445-3 Abschnitt 20 und radiale Versteifungsrippen runder ebener Böden nach Abschnitt 21. Das Programm gliedert sich in folgende Berechnungsabschnitte:
20 Verankerte ebene Wände
21.4 Runde ebene Böden mit radialer Verstärkung ohne Umfangsmoment
21.5 Runde ebene Böden mit radialer Verstärkung mit Umfangsmoment
Wind loads
The module package wind loads calculates the wind loads for cylindrical vessels with possible attachments such as ladders, platforms (partial and full platforms), vertical parallel pipes and walkways.
EN 13445-3 Chap. 22 is used for the configuration and mutual influence of these attachments (EN 22 module). This module controls all load cases of the EC1 module to be calculated and superimposes the loads. This means that the wind load calculation is fulfilled, e.g. for columns.
Allowable external pressure for vessels outside circularity tolerance
Method for determining the permissible pressure for cylindrical shells whose out-of-roundness, measured from the true centre point, is more than 0.5% of the radius.
Heat exchanger tubesheets: Alternative method
Calculation of non-symmetrical tube sheets (tube sheets 1 and 2 are different)
Calculation of tube sheets with untubed fields whose size exceeds the limitation according to EN 13445-3 chapter 13.
Physical properties of steels
With the help of the relationships of the differential properties to the property at reference temperature, it is possible to determine the properties of the frequently used steels at any temperature. These are additionally calculated by a polynomial.
Vertical vessels on brackets
Design of vertical cylindrical or conical shells on bracket supports. Vertical and horizontal additional loads, e.g. from earthquakes and wind loads, can be taken into account.
Bracket supports with / without reinforcement plate
Load with additional forces and moments on the vessel
Vertical vessels on skirt supports
With this module the verification of support brackets on pressure vessels can be of stability. The calculation is offered separately for the local stresses in the area of the connection between the bracket support and the pressure vessel wall and for the bracket itself.
Cylindrical or conical bracket support
Connection via support ring or directly welded support brackets
Verification of the required section loads
Form for equations
The EQU module provides a free-form worksheet for user-defined equations. It allows calculations to be modeled for which no ready-made code module exists: intermediate calculations, company-specific design formulas, unit conversions or supplementary verifications. The user-define
Elliptical heads under internal pressure
Hemispherical, dished and flat ends (welded, bolted, with openings)
Isolated openings and Y-branches
T-pieces for single and multiple openings. Branch with ribs
Cylindrical pipes, elbows and mitre bends under external pressure
Cylindrical pipes, pipe bends, reducers and dished ends under external pressure.
Integral attachments to metallic industrial piping
Calculation of supporting and guide trunnions
Straight pipes and pipe bends
Straight pipes, pipe bends, segment bends, reducers, conical shells and various joints
Combined natural and forced convection: Component balance
This module calculates the heat transfer by natural convection at bodies in external flow, as well as mixed convection – the superposition of natural and forced convection – using the component approach of the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas, 12th edition 2019). Covered are vertic
Fatigue analysis
This module performs the fatigue analysis per ASME BPVC Section VIII Division 2, Appendix 5, Paragraph 5-110 in the 2013 Edition — the classical fatigue-curve-based method of the "old" Division 2. This part of the code has been withdrawn: with the restructuring of Division 2 in 2
Häufig gestellte Fragen - FAQ
Documentation and operating instructions for this calculation module.
Thermal output of heating appliances operating with hot water
This module calculates the thermal output of heating appliances (radiators) operating with hot water according to the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas, 12th edition 2019). Radiators release their output to the room by natural convection and radiation; their heat output is therefore
General relations
The module calculates heat transfer by natural convection in enclosed fluid layers according to the VDI Heat Atlas (12th edition, 2019): in horizontal, inclined and vertical gaps between a heated and a cooled surface, in horizontal and vertical annular gaps, and in porous layers.
Vertical channels
The module calculates natural convection heat transfer in vertical and inclined channels as well as in the open vertical annular gap according to the VDI Heat Atlas (12th edition, 2019). Unlike the enclosed fluid layer, the fluid here flows through a channel that is open at both
Pressure drop in pipes with fittings
The FDP module is used to calculate compressible / non-compressible adiabatic pipe flow.
Various internals are taken into account in the pipeline section.
Flat plates: Plane vertical or inclined plates
The module calculates natural convection heat transfer on bodies in external flow according to the VDI Heat Atlas (12th edition, 2019): on plane vertical and inclined plates, on horizontal plates with heat release upward or downward, on the horizontal cylinder in cross-flow, and
Comsol LV module import interface
The FELI module is the interface between the analytical calculation modules and finite element analysis in COMSOL Multiphysics. It transfers the geometry and calculation data of an LV module to COMSOL, so that an FEM model built there is fed directly with the parameters of the co
General interface Comsol LV
The FELV module is the general interface between the LV calculation environment and the FEM system COMSOL Multiphysics. It automatically transfers the pressure vessel geometry captured in the analytical modules – shell, dished or flat ends, nozzles, support brackets and other loa
FEM
The FEM module performs a finite element analysis of locally loaded pressure vessel regions – typically the nozzle-to-shell junction under internal pressure and external nozzle loads. From the inputs, an FE model is generated and solved automatically, and the utilization is repor
Flat domed heads subject to internal pressure
For vessels in the lower pressure range it is possible to use flat domed heads instead of the usual domed heads, e.g. dished heads (Kloepperboden-type).
The calculation according to AD or ASME is not possible, but the proof according to S. Schwaigerer, “Strength calculation” and J.F. Harvey, “Theory and Design of Pressure Vessels” can be provided.
FLAM
The FLAM module calculates the heat transfer in the combustion chamber of fired equipment – such as heaters with an internal helical coil, hot-oil heaters or flame-tube boilers. Starting from the fuel quantity or the standard volume flow of the fuel, it determines flame length, f
Wire demister and fiber filter
The program covers the design of demisters (fiber filters) for droplet and solid separation from gases.
The user can opt between different distribution laws of the particles (DIN 66143, 66144, 66145). The results are displayed graphically. For the calculation of the separation degree curves, the calculation methods known from the literature are used.
FLEN
FLEN is an auxiliary module of the LV calculation environment from the family of general-purpose modules. It is not maintained as a standalone calculation with its own input mask, but works in conjunction with other modules to which it supplies intermediate results. Such backgrou
Real logarithmic temperature difference for different heat exchanger types
The FN module calculates the true (corrected) logarithmic mean temperature difference for different heat exchanger configurations. From the four process temperatures – inlet and outlet temperature on the outside and inlet and outlet temperature on the inside – the logarithmic mea
Properties of refrigerants
The following refrigerants are available:
R 22 – Chlorodifluoromethane
R 23 – Trifluoromethane
R 32 – Difluoromethane
R 134A – 1,2,2,2,-Tetrafluoroethane
R 142B – 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane
R 152A – 1,1-Difluoroethane
R 290 – Propane
R 404A – Near-azeotropic mixture of R 125, R 134A and R 143A
R 410A – Near-azeotropic mixture of R 32 and R 125
R 507 – azeotropic mixture of R 125 and R 143A
R 600 – n-Butane
R 600A – i-Butane
(-) i-Pentane
Attachment weld execution at openings (ASME VIII-1 UW-16)
Checks the execution and minimum dimensions of attachment/fillet welds at openings (nozzle and connection welds) according to ASME BPVC Section VIII Division 1, UW-16. The weld detail (execution) is chosen graphically from the sketches of Figure UW-16.1 embedded in the mask; the module then verifies the throat dimension tc, the weld sizes t1/t2, their sum, the fillet weld size tw and the reinforcing-plate edge welds against the UW-16 minimum requirements (t_min, 0.7 t_min, 1.25 t_min, etc.).
G8SC
This module calculates the heat transfer and pressure drop in the subcooling zone of a shell-side condenser according to the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas, 11th edition 2013, sections G8 and L1.5). In many condensers, the condensate is deliberately cooled below saturation temper
Heat transfer with forced convection: Longitudinal flow past plane walls
This module calculates the heat transfer coefficient for forced convection along plane walls in longitudinal flow according to the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas, 12th edition 2019, section G4). The flat plate in parallel flow is the fundamental case of convective heat transfer:
Heat transfer with forced convection: Pipe flow
This module calculates forced-convection heat transfer in pipe flow according to the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas, 12th edition 2019, section G1). Pipe flow is by far the most common application of convective heat transfer calculation: shell-and-tube heat exchangers, cooling an
Heat transfer with forced convection: Flow-though coils
This module calculates forced-convection heat transfer in helically coiled tubes according to the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas, 12th edition 2019, section G3). Coiled tubes are ubiquitous in process equipment: as heating and cooling coils in stirred vessels, in helical-coil hea
Heat transfer with forced convection: Concentric annulus and rectilinear gap
This module calculates forced-convection heat transfer in the concentric annulus and the plane gap according to the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas, 12th edition 2019, section G2). The annulus is the basic geometry of the double-pipe heat exchanger and also occurs in the shell spa
Heat transfer with forced convection: Cross-flow around individual tubes, wires, and profiled cylinders
This module calculates forced-convection heat transfer in cross flow around single tubes, wires, and profiled cylinders according to the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas, 12th edition 2019, section G6). The cylinder in cross flow is the basic building block of many pieces of equipm
Modul Geno
Engineering guidance and application examples are available in the LV Knowledge Base.
Heat transfer with forced convection: Moving surfaces with parallel overflow
This module calculates forced-convection heat transfer on moving surfaces with parallel flow according to the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas, 12th edition 2019, section G5). Unlike the stationary plate, here the surface itself moves relative to the fluid — or surface and fluid mo
Heat transfer with forced convection: Cross flow though single tube rows and through tube bundles
This module calculates forced-convection heat transfer in cross flow through single tube rows and tube bundles according to the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas, 12th edition 2019, section G7). The tube bundle in cross flow is the core geometry of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger:
Modul GFFL
Engineering guidance and application examples are available in the LV Knowledge Base.
GG - GG-e
Documentation and operating instructions for this calculation module.
Modul GG2
Engineering guidance and application examples are available in the LV Knowledge Base.
Heat transfer and pressure drop in shell and tube heat exchangers with lengthwise finned tubes
The GGLR module calculates the heat transfer and pressure drop in longitudinal fin tube bundles of shell-and-tube heat exchangers. The fin cross sections may be rectangular or trapezoidal. The heat transfer and the pressure drop are calculated for laminar and turbulent flow.
Heat transfer and pressure drop in lengthwise flown shell and tube heat exchangers
The GGO module calculates the heat transfer coefficient and the pressure loss for shells without baffles. The calculation is based on the investigations at the University of Karlsruhe, which were published at the GVC conference in 1994. The calculation takes particular account of the diameter/bundle length ratio and the size and position of the nozzles. Thus also the increases of the heat transfer at the inlet nozzle are recorded.
Heat transfer in external low fin tubes in shell and tube heat exchangers with segmental baffles
The GGRI module calculates the shell-side heat transfer coefficient in low fin tube bundles with segmental baffles (crossflow). The theory is presented in the Heat Exchanger Design Handbook, where results obtained for circular fin tubes are extended to the case of low fin tubes. Low fin tubes are defined as 630 – 1000 fins / m (16 – 26 fins / in) with a fin height of 1 to 2 mm.
Low fin tubes are not recommended for laminar flow (Re < 1000) and not for condensing steam.
Heat transfer with forced convection: Flow through beds of solids
This module calculates the heat transfer in forced convection through packed beds (particle beds and fixed beds) according to the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas, 12th edition 2019, section G9). Packed beds of spheres, cylinders, cubes, or other packing elements with fluid flowing
Heat transfer with forced convection: Impingement flow
This module calculates the heat transfer of impinging jets according to the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas, 12th edition 2019, section G10). In jet impingement, a fluid jet from a nozzle strikes a surface perpendicularly or nearly perpendicularly. In the stagnation region, very t
Properties of Antifrogen® L, N, KF and SOL
The program calculates the physical properties as a function of temperature and composition or the frost resistance of
®Antifrogen N (ethylene glycol-water mixtures)
®Antifrogen L (1,2-propylene glycol-water mixtures)
®Antifrogen L (Aqueous solution of organic salts (formates))
as well as the physical properties as a function of the temperature of
®Antifrogen SOL (propylene glycol mixed with higher boiling alkylene glycols).
Modul GLYK
Engineering guidance and application examples are available in the LV Knowledge Base.
Good Vibrations - General product description
Documentation and operating instructions for this calculation module.
Tube bundle vibration analysis
The GVLV module is controlled by WTS and cannot be called separately; the values are calculated in GV in the background and transferred to WTS. The documentation takes place within WTS.
Not to be calculated:
Exchangers with 2 shell-side passes Longitudinal baffle TEMA Type F
Exchangers with disc and doughnut baffles
Exchangers with low finned tubes
Properties of a hydrogen-nitrogen mixture
The module calculates the material values of the gas mixture 98 Vol%H2 / 2 Vol%N2 as a function of temperature and pressure.
Properties of water
The International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS) initiates and coordinates research into the properties of water as an international joint task. The IAPWS developed a mathematical formulation of the thermodynamic properties and transport quantities suitable for industrial use.
Properties of sulphuric acid
The module H2SO calculates the phase equilibrium and the physical properties of H2SO4-H2O systems. Different physical properties can be determined as a function of pressure, temperature and composition.
Boiling with natural convection without bubble formation
This module calculates the heat transfer during boiling in free convection without bubble formation according to the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas, 12th edition 2019, section H2). This regime — often called silent boiling or convective boiling — lies at the beginning of the boil
Reference value a0 for nucleate boiling acc. to Stephan and Preusser
This module calculates the reference value α₀ for nucleate boiling using the method of Stephan and Preußer according to the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas, 12th edition 2019, section H2). In pool boiling in the nucleate boiling regime, the heat transfer coefficient is usually cal
Nucleate boiling of pure substances: Shapes of heating walls
This module calculates the heat transfer coefficient for nucleate pool boiling of pure substances under free convection (vessel boiling), explicitly accounting for the shape of the heated wall: horizontal tube, flat plate, or horizontal tube bundle. It is based on Chapter H2.3.5.
Nucleate boiling of pure substances: Fin tubes and other high performance pipes
This module calculates the heat transfer coefficient for nucleate pool boiling of pure substances on finned tubes and other structured high-performance tubes per Chapter H2.3.5.2 of the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas, 12th German edition, 2019). The starting point is the referenc
Nucleate boiling of pure substances: Horizontal tube bundles
This module calculates the mean heat transfer coefficient for nucleate pool boiling of pure substances on a horizontal tube bundle per Chapter H2.3.5.3 of the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas, 12th German edition, 2019). In a bundle, two mechanisms are superimposed: nucleate boilin
Nucleate boiling of mixtures
This module calculates the heat transfer coefficient for nucleate boiling of mixtures per Chapter H2.4 of the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas, 12th German edition, 2019). When a mixture boils, the more volatile component evaporates preferentially; the less volatile component accum
Critical heat flux qcrit in nucleate boiling
This module calculates the maximum (critical) heat flux q̇ crit of nucleate boiling per Chapter H2.5.1 of the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas, 12th German edition, 2019). The critical heat flux marks the boiling crisis: above this load, the vapor generated can no longer be removed
Film boiling
This module calculates the heat transfer in film boiling per Chapter H2.6 of the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas, 12th German edition, 2019). In film boiling, a closed vapor film separates the heated wall from the liquid: heat must be transferred through conduction and convection
Reference value of heat transfer coefficient for nucleate boiling on bare tubes and flat walls (pool boiling, flow boiling of saturated liquids)
The HABA module provides the reference value of the heat transfer coefficient for nucleate boiling on smooth tubes and plane walls. If you want to calculate nucleate boiling heat transfer — whether for pool boiling in kettles, evaporators and reboilers, or as the nucleate boiling
Flow boiling of subcooled liquids
This module calculates the heat transfer in subcooled flow boiling per Chapter H3.4 of the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas, 12th German edition, 2019). Subcooled boiling occurs when the wall temperature already exceeds the boiling temperature but the core flow is still below satur
Flow boiling – Flow forms in evaporator tubes
This module determines the flow pattern in flow boiling in evaporator tubes per Chapter H3.2 of the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas, 12th German edition, 2019). In an evaporator tube with through-flow, the phase distribution changes as the vapor quality grows: from bubble flow thr
Flow boiling of saturated, pure liquids: Convective flow boiling in vertical tubes
This module calculates the heat transfer coefficient for convective flow boiling of saturated pure liquids in vertical tubes per Chapter H3.5.1.1 of the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas, 12th German edition, 2019). In convective flow boiling, the liquid evaporates predominantly at
Flow boiling of saturated, pure liquids: Convective flow boiling in horizontal tubes
This module calculates the heat transfer coefficient for convective flow boiling of saturated pure liquids in horizontal tubes per Chapter H3.5.1.2 of the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas, 12th German edition, 2019). Compared with the vertical tube, gravity acts transversely to the
Flow boiling of saturated, pure liquids: Nucleate boiling in vertical tubes
This module calculates the nucleate boiling contribution in flow boiling of saturated pure liquids in vertical tubes per Chapter H3.5.2.1 of the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas, 12th German edition, 2019). At high heat fluxes, the heat transfer in the evaporator tube is no longer
Flow boiling of saturated, pure liquids: Nucleate boiling in horizontal tubes
This module calculates the nucleate boiling contribution in flow boiling of saturated pure liquids in horizontal tubes per Chapter H3.5.2.2 of the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas, 12th German edition, 2019). As in the vertical tube, the heat transfer coefficient is scaled via the
Flow boiling - Critical boiling states
This module determines critical boiling conditions in flow boiling inside tubes according to Section H3.6 of the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas, 12th edition 2019), the standard German reference work for heat transfer. It calculates the conditions under which the boiling crisis o
Flow boiling - Post boiling crisis heat transfer
This module calculates heat transfer in flow boiling beyond the boiling crisis according to Section H3.7 of the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas, 12th edition 2019), the standard German reference work for heat transfer. In the so-called post-dryout regime the liquid no longer wets
Properties of hydrochloric acid
The HCL module calculates the physical properties of HCl-H2O systems. several physical properties can be determined as a function of pressure, temperature and composition.
Properties of helium
The program determines the properties of helium gas depending on temperature and pressure.
The temperature range extends from 20 to 1500 °C.
The pressure range is from 1 to 100 bar.
Condensation heat Incremental calculation
The HEAT module calculates the condensation heat of vapor-gas mixtures incrementally along the cooling path. Instead of estimating the released heat globally from a mean enthalpy of vaporization, the condensation process is broken down into temperature or enthalpy steps: for each
Properties of heavy fuel oils
The module determines the physical properties of heavy fuel oils and diesel.
The following heavy oils are contained in the HFO module:
HFO 30
HFO 60
HFO 100
HFO 180
HFO 380
HFO 420
HFO 640
HFO 700
Lubeoil
Welded half pipes
For vessels with welded-on half-pipes, the pressure space in the half-pipes must be taken into account. The half-pipes and the vessel wall must be designed for this load.
The HLB module determines the required wall thickness of the vessels and the welded-on half-pipes. The wall thickness of the shell is calculated as a long rectangular plate.
Properties of nitric acid
The HNO3 module calculates the phase equilibrium and the physical properties of HNO3-H2O systems.
Several physical properties can be determined as a function of pressure, temperature and composition.
Cylindrical shells with Y-branches
This module calculates cylindrical shells with a Y-shaped branch to TRD 301, part of the German Technical Rules for Steam Boilers (TRD). Y-pieces (breeches pieces) split one pipe run into two at an acute angle — typical in main steam and bypass lines of steam generators, where a
Construction rules: Metallic pipes
The HPR module determines the allowable spans of pipelines with and without additional loads. The pipelines can be calculated empty, filled with media and with additional insulation. The calculation is carried out for straight pipes, pipe bends and T-pieces. In addition, the load from internal pressure is verified.
The elasticity control of installed pipelines under temperature stresses is carried out in accordance with Appendix 3 of the HP 100 R data sheet.
Horizontal force separator
Vertical or horizontal gas / liquid separators can be dimensioned:
Limiting drops with/without demister
Inlet distributor / outlet demister
High level / low level for hold-up times
Flow type at inlet (see LOMA)
Anti-vortex baffle design
Liquid entrainment on surfaces
Mollier H-X diagram: Properties of humid air
In the Mollier diagram for humid gases, a state is defined by temperature, pressure and humidity.
The module offers two calculation options
The calculation of the state and the change of state of a humid gas as a function of temperature, pressure and relative humidity, as well as physical characteristics (densities, enthalpies etc…).
The mixture of two humid gas streams.
Hydraulic balance for vertical tube side reboilers
This module sets up the hydraulic balance for vertical, tube-side heated evaporators (natural-circulation or thermosiphon reboilers) according to the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas, the standard German reference work for heat transfer). In these units the circulation is driven no
Superposition of nozzle loads (NozzleSpecApp / AD S3/0)
The IGEL module verifies all strength conditions for a component, e.g. for an agitator base or for a shell with a simple or complex nozzle geometry. It is used as a supplement to AD 2000.
Heat transfer and pressure drop in internally finned tubes
The INLR module calculates the internal heat transfer coefficient and the internal pressure loss as a function of the tube and fin geometry, the physical properties and the flow conditions.
Film condensation of pure vapours: Condensation on vertical surfaces
This module calculates film condensation of pure vapors on vertical surfaces and tubes according to Section J1 of the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas, 12th edition 2019), the standard German reference work for heat transfer. The basis is Nusselt's classical film condensation theor
Film condensation of pure vapours: Condensation at horizontal tubes
This module calculates film condensation of pure vapors on the outside of horizontal tubes according to Section J1 of the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas, 12th edition 2019), the standard German reference work for heat transfer. On a horizontal tube the condensate forms a thin fil
Film condensation of pure vapours: Condensation in horizontal tubes
This module calculates film condensation of pure vapors flowing inside horizontal tubes according to Section J1 of the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas, 12th edition 2019), the standard German reference work for heat transfer. Unlike condensation from stagnant vapor, here the two-p
Film condensation of pure vapours: Condensation of metal vapours
This module calculates film condensation of metal vapors according to Section J1.6 of the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas, 12th edition 2019), the standard German reference work for heat transfer. Liquid metals such as sodium, potassium, or mercury have extremely small Prandtl num
Film condensation of pure vapours: Condensation of superheatet vapour
This module calculates film condensation of superheated vapor according to Section J1.6 of the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas, 12th edition 2019), the standard German reference work for heat transfer. When superheated vapor meets a wall whose temperature lies below the saturation
Modul JaDummy
Engineering guidance and application examples are available in the LV Knowledge Base.
Condensation of multicomponent mixtures
This module calculates the condensation of multicomponent mixtures according to Section J2 of the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas, 12th edition 2019), the standard German reference work for heat transfer. Unlike a pure fluid, a mixture does not condense at a fixed temperature but
Dropwise condensation
This module calculates heat transfer in dropwise condensation according to Section J3 of the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas, 12th edition 2019), the standard German reference work for heat transfer. If the condensate does not wet the surface completely, the vapor deposits not as
Modul JDA
Engineering guidance and application examples are available in the LV Knowledge Base.
Mix and injection condensation
This module calculates direct-contact (spray and jet) condensation according to Section J4 of the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas, 12th edition 2019), the standard German reference work for heat transfer. Here the vapor condenses not on a cooled wall but directly on injected subco
Outlet temperature for adiabatic flow control of natural gas
The JTHO module calculates the final temperature for an adiabatic throttling (isenthalpe change of state) for given natural gas compositions (natural gas H, natural gas L and any composition) by entering the inlet and outlet pressure as well as the inlet temperature.
K10A
The K10A module belongs to the module series for calculating shell boilers to DIN EN 12953-3 and, following the chapter structure of this series, covers Section 10: the design of furnace tubes and reversal chambers. Furnace tubes are the combustion-chamber tubes of a shell boiler
Surface heat radiation
This module calculates thermal radiation of technical surfaces according to Section K1 of the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas, 12th edition 2019), the standard German reference work for heat transfer. Every surface emits radiation according to its temperature and its emissivity, f
10 Supported flat plates -- DIN EN 12953-3: 2016
Chapter 10 EN-12953
11 Isolated openings in boiler flat end plates -- DIN EN 12953-3: 2016
Chapter 11 EN-12953
12 Unpierced tubes and tube plates -- DIN EN 12953-3: 2016
Chapter 12 EN-12953
Furnaces tubes, furnace components and reversal chamber of cylindrical form subjected to external pressure -- DIN EN 12953-3: 2016
Chapter 13 EN-12953
7 Cylindrical shells under internal pressure -- DIN EN 12953-3: 2016
Chapter 7 EN-12953
8 Openings and branches in cylindrical shells -- DIN EN 12953-3: 2016
Chapter 8 EN-12953
9 Ends -- DIN EN 12953-3: 2016
Chapter 9 EN-12953
Heat radiation - View factors
The K2 module calculates view factors (also called configuration or shape factors) for radiative exchange between surfaces according to the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas), 12th edition 2019 — the standard German reference work for thermal engineering. The view factor F 12 states
Heat radiation from gases and gas mixtures
The K3 module calculates the thermal radiation of gases and gas mixtures according to the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas), 12th edition 2019 — the standard German reference for heat transfer engineering. Unlike solids, gases do not radiate in a continuous spectrum but only in dis
Thermal radiation from gas-solids mixtures
The K4 module calculates the thermal radiation of gas-solid mixtures according to the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas), 12th edition 2019 — the standard German reference for heat transfer engineering. As soon as a hot gas carries particles — coal ash and fly dust in flue gas, lime
Thermal radiation in furnaces
The K5 module calculates thermal radiation in combustion chambers according to the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas), 12th edition 2019 — the standard German reference for heat transfer engineering. In the furnace of a steam generator or process furnace, by far the largest part of
Heat radiation - Superinsulations
The K6 module calculates the heat loss through superinsulation (multilayer insulation, MLI) according to the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas), 12th edition 2019 — the standard German reference for heat transfer engineering. Superinsulation consists of many thin foils that are refl
Critical mass flows through nozzles, valves and pipe fittings
The module calculates critical mass flows through nozzles, valves and pipe fittings according to different authors. Basic physical properties are a necessary prerequisite to perform the calculation completely. The authors differ with regard to the assumptions they have made for the calculation and whether a single-phase or two-phase flow is considered or whether, for example, supercooled or superheated vapors are involved at the inlet.
KOKU
The KOKU module generates the condensation curve of a fluid mixture: starting from a stored mixture definition (file name of the material mixture), the relationship between temperature, pressure and condensed fraction is calculated between the inlet and outlet state and saved as
Condensation in horizontal tubes Incremental calculation
The KON1 module calculates condensation in horizontal tubes using an incremental method: the tube is divided into sections, and for each increment the local heat transfer coefficient on the condensate side, the overall heat transfer coefficient of the tube and the local heat flow
Condensation in vertical tubes Incremental calculation
The KON2 module calculates condensation in vertical tubes using an incremental method: the tube is subdivided from top to bottom into sections, and for each increment the film thickness, the local heat transfer coefficient and the condensate formation are determined. The basis is
Condensers for pure vapours
Shell-and-tube condensers with enthalpy, condensation and subcooling zones can be calculated. The subcooling of the condensate is not calculated for shell-side condensation at horizontal tubes. The condensation can either take place around the tubes or in the tubes but it is restricted to pure vapours (no mixtures)
KOND can only calculate condensers with one tube side pass.
KONR
The KONR module determines the cooling-water-side tube geometry of a condenser: from the cooling water mass flow, the density of the cooling water and the selected cooling water velocity in the tube, the required number of cooling tubes follows via the continuity equation; togeth
KPRE
The KPRE module compares the economics of dry cooling and wet cooling for power plant and industrial cooling systems. From the capital and operating costs it determines the limiting price of cooling water, i.e. the price of make-up water at which both cooling methods are equally
KRVE
The KRVE module calculates the elastic resiliences of a preloaded bolted joint: the resilience of the whole bolt from its individual sections (plain shank, reduced-shank element, free thread) and the resilience of the clamped parts via the equivalent cross-section of the clamped
KSTA
The KSTA module handles the structural analysis of vertical cylindrical equipment assembled from several shell courses – typically columns, reactors or slender outdoor vessels. For each course, the outside diameter, wall thickness, insulation thickness, length and dead weight are
Specification sheet for heat exchangers
When preparing the bid it is often not reasonable to present the complete geometrical data of the heat exchanger.
For these cases the KUDO module creates an abridged documentation with the performance characteristics and only a few geometrical data like outside diameter of the shell and tube length.
Fittings
Calculation of the Kv value
for incompressible, compressible media as well as for saturated steam and superheated steam
for two-phase flow
Calculation of the sound level
for incompressible media
for compressible media under consideration of cavitation
Calculation of the transient flow in a single pipe
Modul LAD
Engineering guidance and application examples are available in the LV Knowledge Base.
Modul LAG
Engineering guidance and application examples are available in the LV Knowledge Base.
Modul LAH
Engineering guidance and application examples are available in the LV Knowledge Base.
Heat transfer in forced-flow boilers
La Mont Principle
Pressure drop in flowed through circular pipes
The L1.2 module calculates the pressure drop of single-phase flow through pipes according to the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas), 12th edition 2019 — the standard German reference for heat transfer and fluid flow. It covers pipes with circular cross-section as well as non-circula
Calculation of phase fractions for gas-liquid flows
The L2.1 module calculates the phase fractions of gas-liquid flows according to the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas), 12th edition 2019 — the standard German reference for heat transfer and two-phase flow. The central quantity is the volumetric gas fraction (void fraction) ε — the
Pressure drop of gas-liquid flows in pipes, line elements and fittings
The L2.2 module calculates the pressure drop of gas-liquid flows in pipes, piping components and valves according to the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas), 12th edition 2019 — the standard German reference for heat transfer and two-phase flow. As soon as two phases flow together in
Modul LBD
Engineering guidance and application examples are available in the LV Knowledge Base.
Wet pressure loss and emptying of tower trays
The L2.7 module calculates the wet pressure drop and the weeping limit (rain-through) of column trays according to the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas), 12th edition 2019 — the standard German reference for thermal separation and fluid flow. In tray columns for distillation and ab
Cross section narrowing and widening
The L1.3 module calculates the pressure drop of fittings and components in piping according to the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas), 12th edition 2019 — the standard German reference for heat transfer and fluid flow: cross-section contractions and expansions, standard orifice plat
Tube bundle with plain circular or oval tubes
This module calculates the pressure drop for cross-flow over tube bundles with plain circular or oval tubes according to Section L1.4 of the VDI-Wärmeatlas (VDI Heat Atlas, 12th edition, 2019). Anyone who wants to calculate the gas-side or liquid-side pressure drop across a tube
Formation and movement of droplets and bubbles in technical apparatus
This module deals with the formation and movement of droplets and bubbles in technical apparatus according to Section L4.1 of the VDI-Wärmeatlas (VDI Heat Atlas, 12th edition, 2019). Among other things, it calculates the characteristic bubble or droplet diameters at the outlet of
Tube bundle with finned circular or oval tubes
This module calculates the pressure drop for cross-flow over tube bundles with finned circular or oval tubes according to Section L1.4 of the VDI-Wärmeatlas (VDI Heat Atlas, 12th edition, 2019). Finned tubes are used whenever a fluid with poor heat transfer flows on the outside –
Pressure drop in flow through beds
This module calculates the pressure drop in flow through packed beds according to Section L1.6 of the VDI-Wärmeatlas (VDI Heat Atlas, 12th edition, 2019). Fixed beds of particles, spheres, pellets or random packings are core components of many process apparatus: catalytic fixed b
Flow patterns and pressure drop in fluidized beds
This module calculates flow patterns and pressure drop in fluidized beds according to Section L3.2 of the VDI-Wärmeatlas (VDI Heat Atlas, 12th edition, 2019). Fluidized beds are used in process engineering wherever intensive contact between solid particles and a gas or liquid is
Flow Boiling – Pressure drop in flow through evaporator tubes
This module calculates the pressure drop in flow boiling through evaporator tubes according to Section H3.3 of the VDI-Wärmeatlas (VDI Heat Atlas, 12th edition, 2019). In evaporator tubes of steam generators, falling film and circulation evaporators, refrigerant evaporators and t
Cyclones to separate particles
This module calculates cyclones for separating solid particles from gases according to Section L3.4 of the VDI-Wärmeatlas (VDI Heat Atlas, 12th edition, 2019). Gas cyclones are the most widely used centrifugal separators in process engineering: robust, with no moving parts, usabl
Droplet separation in technical apparatus: Cyclones
This module calculates droplet separation in cyclones according to Section L4.3.3 of the VDI-Wärmeatlas (VDI Heat Atlas, 12th edition, 2019). Liquid cyclones of this type separate entrained droplets from gas or vapor streams – a standard task downstream of evaporators, columns, s
Lamellar drop separator
This module calculates lamellar (vane-type) droplet separators according to Section L4.3.4 of the VDI-Wärmeatlas (VDI Heat Atlas, 12th edition, 2019). Vane-type separators consist of parallel, corrugated or zigzag-folded plate packs: the droplet-laden gas flows through the lanes
Modul LK
Engineering guidance and application examples are available in the LV Knowledge Base.
Pressure drop and flood point in trickled beds of packing
This module calculates the pressure drop and flood point in irrigated packed beds according to Section L2.6 of the VDI-Wärmeatlas (VDI Heat Atlas, 12th edition, 2019). In random and structured packing columns for rectification, absorption and desorption, gas and liquid flow count
Pressure drop tube overflowed bundles in shell and tube heat exchangers with and without baffles
This module calculates the shell-side pressure drop across tube bundles in shell and tube heat exchangers with and without baffles according to Section L1.5 of the VDI-Wärmeatlas (VDI Heat Atlas, 12th edition, 2019). Besides heat transfer, the shell-side pressure drop is the seco
Heat transfer and Power consumption in stirred vessels: Stirring Power
This module calculates the stirring power in stirred vessels according to Section N3.3 of the VDI-Wärmeatlas (VDI Heat Atlas: Heat transfer and power consumption in stirred vessels, 12th edition, 2019). The power consumption of the impeller is a fundamental quantity in every stir
Modul LO
Engineering guidance and application examples are available in the LV Knowledge Base.
Flat perforated heads with and without anchorages
The LOBO module calculates the required plate thickness of highly perforated even plates, which may be regularly and irregularly supported by feet or anchors. The calculation method is mainly derived from the AD Merkblatt B5 .
Pressure drop of grids and perforated plates
The LOGI module calculates the pressure drop across grids and perforated plates in ducts and piping. Such internals are found throughout process equipment and plant engineering: as flow straighteners upstream of metering runs, as support and distributor trays in columns, as prote
Flow type diagram for two-phase flow Lockhart-Martinelli diagram
Flow Boiling of Saturated Liquids – Determination of the Flow Pattern in the Lockhart-Martinelli Diagram
The LOMA module calculates all necessary parameters according to chapter H3.4 of the VDI Wärmeatlas and determines the type of two-phase flow. The position of the present two-phase flow is entered in the flow map (Lockhart-Martinelli diagram).
Modul LOOS
Engineering guidance and application examples are available in the LV Knowledge Base.
Modul LR
Engineering guidance and application examples are available in the LV Knowledge Base.
Properties of air
Physical properties of dry air
Knowledge of the physical properties of air is necessary in many process engineering processes. For example, in the design of air-cooled heat exchangers, the properties of the media must always be determined as a function of temperature and pressure.
Lifting lugs
The program calculates lifting lugs in longitudinal arrangement or in circumferential direction with or without reinforcement plate. The strength verification for the weld seam and the tab is carried out according to RKF. – Richtlinienkatalog Festigkeit BR A 62.
Heat transfer and Power consumption in stirred vessels: Heat transfer
The module calculates heat transfer in stirred vessels according to chapter N3.2 of the VDI Wärmeatlas (VDI Heat Atlas, 12th edition 2019). It determines the heat transfer coefficient between the agitated vessel contents and the heat exchange surfaces — the vessel wall with a jac
Modul Masken
Engineering guidance and application examples are available in the LV Knowledge Base.
Heat transfer on finned tubes
The module calculates heat transfer on finned tubes and finned tube bundles in cross-flow according to chapter M1 of the VDI Wärmeatlas (VDI Heat Atlas, 12th edition 2019). From the mass flow rate, mean temperature and the bundle geometry — tube pitch transverse to the flow direc
Heat transfer through walls clad with welded tubes
The module calculates the overall heat transfer through vessel walls onto which pipe coils or half-pipe coils are welded, according to chapter M2 of the VDI Wärmeatlas (VDI Heat Atlas, 12th edition 2019). Unlike with a jacket, the wall here is heated or cooled directly only along
Heat transfer to vertical falling films
The module calculates heat transfer on vertical falling films according to chapter M3 of the VDI Wärmeatlas (VDI Heat Atlas, 12th edition 2019). A falling film is a thin, gravity-driven liquid film flowing down a vertical wall or the inside or outside of vertical tubes. The modul
MDMT for carbon and low-alloy steels (UCS-66)
The MDMT module determines the Minimum Design Metal Temperature and whether impact testing is required according to ASME BPVC VIII-1 UCS-66, UCS-66.1, UCS-68 and UHA-51. It evaluates the governing thickness, the basic exemption temperature from Fig. UCS-66 (curves A/B/C/D), the temperature reduction from the coincident stress ratio (Fig. UCS-66.1), the PWHT credit (UCS-68) and the austenitic exemptions of UHA-51, as well as the bolting exemption temperatures of UCS-66 General Note (c).
Heat transfer to non-newtonian liquids
The module calculates heat transfer to non-Newtonian liquids in flow through pipes and parallel-plate gaps according to chapter M4 of the VDI Wärmeatlas (VDI Heat Atlas, 12th edition 2019). Non-Newtonian media — such as polymer solutions and melts, suspensions, pastes, paints or
Diagonal stays
The MECK module calculates the diagonal stay arrangement cross sections according to tVereinbarung Dampfkessel 003 2011-01".
Furthermore, the hanger rod width is in the center as well as at the end side and shell side connection are presented, which simplifies the tension flux conform styling.
MESK
The MESK module provides the thermophysical properties of a coolant: density, specific heat capacity, dynamic viscosity, thermal conductivity and the Prandtl number derived from them, in each case taking the phase state into account. These quantities are the input data for practi
Heat transfer in fluidized beds
The module calculates heat transfer in gas–solid fluidized beds according to chapter M5 of the VDI Wärmeatlas (VDI Heat Atlas, 12th edition 2019). It determines the heat transfer coefficient between the fluidized particle bed and heat transfer surfaces — the vessel wall or immers
Heat transfer from a heated surface to fixed or stirred beds
The module calculates heat transfer from a heating surface to stationary or mechanically agitated packed beds according to chapter M6 of the VDI Wärmeatlas (VDI Heat Atlas, 12th edition 2019). The basis is the model of wall-contact heat transfer: between the heating surface and t
Mixing of two humid air streams
The MIFL module calculates the adiabatic mixing of two humid air streams – a fundamental task in HVAC and drying technology. From the mass flow, temperature, total pressure and relative humidity of both streams, the module determines the state of the mixed air stream: mixing temp
Modul MIX
Engineering guidance and application examples are available in the LV Knowledge Base.
Moistening and dehumidify of air
The module calculates state changes of humid air during humidification and dehumidification according to the VDI Wärmeatlas (VDI Heat Atlas, 12th edition 2019). Humid air is balanced as a mixture of dry air and water vapor; the central quantities are the moisture content (humidit
Heatpipe
The module calculates heat pipes according to chapter N5 of the VDI Wärmeatlas (VDI Heat Atlas, 12th edition 2019). A heat pipe is a closed tube partially filled with a working fluid, in which heat is transported by evaporation in the heating zone, vapor flow to the cooling zone,
Pressure drop and heat transfer in plate heat exchangers
The module calculates pressure drop and heat transfer in plate heat exchangers with corrugated plates according to chapter N6 of the VDI Wärmeatlas (VDI Heat Atlas, 12th edition 2019). From the operating data of both sides — mass or volume flow rate, inlet pressure, inlet and out
Heat transfer and heat flow in rarefied gas
This module calculates heat transfer and flow in rarefied gases according to the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas, 12th edition 2019). At very low pressures or very small gap widths, the mean free path of the gas molecules is no longer small compared with the characteristic dimensi
Properties of nitrogen
The module calculates the physical properties of nitrogen (single-phase or boiling).
Ranges of validity
single-phase
Temperature: -175 °C to 1000 °C
Pressure: 1 bar to 1000 bar
boiling
Temperature: -210 °C to -147 °C
Properties of gas mixtures
Components: N2, O2, H2, CO, CO2, H2O, SO2, SO3
When calculating the physical properties, it is assumed that all components are gaseous. A possible partial condensation of water, sulphuric acid or sulphurous acid is not taken into account.
Properties of sodium hydroxide
The NaOH module calculates the physical properties of aqueous sodium hydroxide solutions in the temperature range from 20 °C to 100 °C and in the concentration range from 0 to 50 Ma-% NaOH.
NAVE
The NAVE module calculates heat transfer in evaporators with a flooded tube bundle – typically kettle reboilers (natural-circulation evaporators of TEMA type K) as used as bottom reboilers of distillation columns and as process evaporators. On the shell side, the liquid boils on
Modul NEMA
Engineering guidance and application examples are available in the LV Knowledge Base.
NETZ - Basics
Documentation and operating instructions for this calculation module.
Properties of ammonia
The module calculates the physical properties of ammonia (single-phase or boiling).
Ranges of validity
single-phase
Temperature: -50 °C to 300 °C
Pressure: 1 bar to 500 bar
boiling
Temperature: -75 °C to 130 °C
Estimation of the specific revolutions of gyro pumps
The NKRE module determines the specific speed of centrifugal pumps and the NPSH available of the system. The specific speed n q is the key characteristic number for classifying the impeller type: it links rotational speed, best-efficiency flow rate and stage head, and thereby ass
Maximum allowable load cycles for complete project
Determination of the max. allowable load cycles for the complete vessel
Isolated openings in spherical and cylindrical shells
Auslegung von kreisrunden, elliptischen und länglich runden Ausschnitten in Zylinder-, Kegel- und Kugelschalen sowie gewölbten Böden unter Innen- und Außendruck. Für Stutzen im Krempenbereich bietet das Programm eine spezielle Berechnungsoption an.
NOLO
The NOLO module is a building block for the verification of nozzles under local loads: it determines the nozzle parameters that enter the calculation of the allowable local stresses at the opening. These include the nominal design stress of the nozzle material derived from the ma
NOLS
The NOLS module verifies a nozzle in a cylindrical shell under combined loads: internal pressure plus external axial force and bending moments from the connected piping. From the moments in the X and Y directions, the resultant moment at the nozzle is formed and compared, togethe
Hydraulic design of pump
The module calculates the head and the net positive suction head (NPSH value) of a pump as a function of the vapour pressure and the density of the medium to be pumped, the geodetic height difference, the system pressure and the geometric data of the pipelines.
The pump characteristics and system characteristics can be displayed graphically.
Properties of oxygen
The module calculates the physical properties of oxygen (single-phase or boiling).
Ranges of validity
single-phase
Temperature: -200 °C to 100 °C
Pressure: 1 bar to 500 bar
boiling
Temperature: -218 °C to -120 °C
OB
The OB module is not a calculation module in its own right but a selection and entry-point tool: via the "Start selection" function, it guides the user to the appropriate calculation modules of the library. Instead of evaluating formulas, it serves navigation purposes – for examp
Modul OD
Engineering guidance and application examples are available in the LV Knowledge Base.
Properties of machine oils (hydraulic oils, gear oils, etc.)
The kinematic viscosity, density, thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity are displayed as a function of the viscosity class (according to DIN 51519). In addition, the dynamic viscosity and the Prandtl number are calculated.
Optimisation of pressure drops in shell-and-tube heat exchangers according to VDI
The OPTD module supports the economic optimisation of shell-and-tube heat exchangers following the methodology of the VDI Heat Atlas: it links the thermo-hydraulic design with the investment costs in order to find the optimum between pressure drop, heating surface and cost. Small
Test pressure
The PDEN module calculates the test pressure at the highest point for a project and also provides the material characteristics of the materials used.
LV PIPE II - Overview
Documentation and operating instructions for this calculation module.
PLRE
The PLRE module assesses warm-air recirculation at air-cooled heat exchangers. In air coolers and dry cooling installations, part of the heated exhaust air can be drawn back into the intake cross-section – for example under unfavourable wind directions, insufficient free installa
Maximum allowable pressures for complete project
Determination of the maximum allowable pressures for the entire vessel.
Maximum permissible pressure for complete project
Determination of the maximum allowable pressures for the entire vessel.
Dimensions of bracket supports
This module calculates the geometric sizes of bracket supports that can be used in AD Merkblatt S3.4. The assignment of the bracket size to the respective vessel diameter depends on the bracket load, stability and strength of the vessel wall.
Interface to determination of properties with PROPER
The PROP module is the interface to physical property determination with PROPER. Through this link, thermophysical property data for pure substances and mixtures can be transferred directly into the calculation: density, specific heat capacity, enthalpy, heat of evaporation, ther
PROPER - Operation
Documentation and operating instructions for this calculation module.
Psychrometer
The PSYC module calculates the properties of moist air from measurement of the wet and dry bulb temperatures by an aspiration-type psychrometer at the total pressure.
python-additive
Knowledge BaseAdditive Manufacturing - Layer Hatch
Calculate laser scan paths for SLM/SLS 3D printing. Upload an STL/OBJ file to analyze.
QKUK
The QKUK module estimates the coupling power of a compressor from the delivered nominal (standard) volume flow and the specific power consumption. This makes it possible to determine the drive power requirement of a compressed air or process gas compression in an early project ph
QuickSheets - QuickSheet
Documentation and operating instructions for this calculation module.
Power consumption of ventilators
The QVEN module calculates the power requirement of fans according to the Energietechnische Arbeitsmappe (14th edition), a standard German energy engineering reference. From volume flow, pressure rise and fan efficiency it determines the shaft power to be supplied — the basis for
Estimation of the specific compression work
The QVER module determines the specific compression work for the compression of gases according to the Energietechnische Arbeitsmappe (14th edition), a standard German energy engineering reference. From the isentropic exponent, compressibility factor, gas constant or molar mass,
Tube bundle vibration analysis
Both shell-and-tube heat exchangers with two fixed tube plates and U-tube heat exchangers are investigated. The calculation is performed according to TEMA (Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association). However, due to the complexity of the problem, the TEMA warranty does not cover vibration damage.
RBSA calculates the vibration excitation of the tubes and the tube bundle by the following mechanisms:
Fluid-elastic instability
Vortex excitation
Turbulence excitation
Tube-side pressure drop in shell and tube heat exchangers
Given the geometry, flow arrangement and fluid properties, the separate pressure drops are calculated and added to give the total loss. The geometric data and fluid properties may be generated in separate modules of the ATLAS program system which are connected to the RDV module.
Heat transfer in regenerators
This module calculates heat transfer in regenerators according to the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas, 12th edition 2019). Regenerators transfer heat not continuously through a dividing wall but with a time offset via a storage mass: during the warm period, the hot gas gives up he
Properties of flue gases of solid fuels, fuel oils and gases
The RG module provides flue gas data for solid fuels, fuel oils and natural gases according to the Energietechnische Arbeitsmappe (14th edition), a standard German energy engineering reference. From fuel-specific characteristics such as the calorific value and the combustion para
Properties of flue gases
The RGAS module uses statistical combustion calculation methods to calculate the composition of a flue gas as a function of the lower calorific value Hu and the measured CO2 content for solid fuels, fuel oils or natural gases.
Modul RID
Engineering guidance and application examples are available in the LV Knowledge Base.
Heat transfer in falling films at horizontal tubes
The RIES module calculates the heat transfer in falling films on horizontal tubes according to the progress report by Mitrovic (VDI Reihe 3 No. 211, VDI-Verlag 1990). In horizontal tube bundles irrigated with liquid from above, a thin liquid film forms on each tube; from the liqu
Verification of jacket connections on vessels
The RING module can be used to calculate easily manufacturable taper and ring connections for double jackets on vessels.
U-shaped jacket with ring connection according to Figs. 6a to 6d
U-shaped jacket with conical connection according to Figs. 5a to 5d
Cylindrical jacket with ring connection
Cylindrical jacket with conical connection
Modul RIPP
Engineering guidance and application examples are available in the LV Knowledge Base.
RIR
The RIR module calculates the thermal performance of a tube-in-tube element: an inner tube sits inside an outer tube, and the medium first flows through one of them and then returns through the annular gap between the two tubes. This design – known as a bayonet tube or field tube
RKS
The RKS module calculates vapour-liquid phase equilibria of multi-component mixtures based on the cubic Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) equation of state. For a given number of components, the bubble point line and the dew point line are generated over a selectable pressure range; the
RO
The RO module performs the orifice plate calculation using the differential pressure method: a measuring orifice constricts the pipe cross-section, and the flow rate is determined from the differential pressure dP between the pressure tappings upstream and downstream of the orifi
ROHRNETZ - Introduction
Documentation and operating instructions for this calculation module.
Heat transfer and pressure drop in triple tubes
From the specifications of the media involved in the central tube and in the two annular gaps as well as the agreement of the current guidance (direct current, counter current), the heat transitions central tube - annular gap 1 and annular gap 1 - annular gap 2 are determined and shown separately.
Nozzles on vessels
The RUER module verifies openings and nozzles on pressure vessels to AD 2000-Merkblatt B9 of the German AD 2000 pressure vessel code. Every nozzle – whether manway, pipe connection or instrument nozzle – weakens the pressure-bearing wall of cylindrical shells, spheres, hemispheri
Fatigue analysis (simplified)
In the case of fluctuating loads, material fatigue must be taken into account for steels with high yield strength. The number of pressure fluctuations to be expected during operation must therefore not exceed the permissible number of load cycles.
The S1 module determines the allowable number of stress cycles under consideration of the pressure, temperature and design factors.
Fatigue analysis (detailed)
overelastically stressed area
Calculation of the permissible stress ranges with a known number of load cycles on welded and non-welded components
Calculation of the permissible number of load cycles with known stress range at welded and non-welded component areas
General safety verification for pressure vessels regulations
Module S30 allows the strength verification of pressure vessels on the basis of given equivalent stresses in accordance with AD 2000 Merkblatt / S3.0. It contains a material database for determining the strength characteristic value and the safety factor. Selection criteria are given for the application of the S.W.L. or import method.
Vessels on skirt supports: consideration of additional forces
The S31 module can be used for general verification of stability. The skirt can be connected to the cylinder (pushed over or via a support ring) or to the knuckle area (Kloepper-type dished or Korbbogen-type ends). The skirt itself may contain one or two opposite cut-outs and may be anchored in the foundation by a single base ring or by a double ring.
General safety verification of horizontal pressure vessels on saddles
Module S3.2 determines the longitudinal, circumferential and shear stresses in the endangered cross-sections of horizontal vessels on saddles. The vessel can be stiffened on the inside or outside by support rings or rest on the saddle via a support ring.
Vessels with domed heads on leg supports
Module S3.3 can be used to perform the general stability check for vessels with domed heads on feet. The support legs can be attached to the head with or without reinforcement plate and anchored in the foundation by square or circular plates.
Vessels with support brackets
Module S3.4 can be used to perform the general stability check for vessels with support brackets. The calculation of the vessel wall can also be used generally for the consideration of additional forces without openings in the vessel wall. The support, web and reinforcement plates are calculated on the bracket. For required core diameter is determined for the anchor bolts.
Vessels with ring support
This AD 2000 Merkblatt serves for the calculation of support rings and ring supports. The program calculates the allowable section sizes of the ring for all relevant load cases.
A global and local strength check of the ring is carried out with the help of the results obtained. Furthermore, a strength verification of the weld joints for the connection of vessel and ring is carried out.
Stress intensification owing to pressure load
The following calculations can be carried out with the program:
Determination of a fictitious spare strength for additional loads of nozzles
Checking the conditions under which stress determination is permissible according to the methods specified in AD 2000 Merkblatt S3.6, Section 4.
Properties of saccharose-water solutions
The SAC module calculates the properties of sucrose-water solutions based on the Zuckeratlas (Sugar Atlas) — the standard data compilation of the sugar industry. As a function of temperature and dry substance content, it delivers the density, specific heat capacity, thermal condu
Properties of Seawater
The module determines the physical properties of seawater depending on the salinity.
The allowable temperature range extends from 0 °C to 180 °C. Salinity levels between 0 g/kg and 150 g/kg are permitted.
SCUT
The SCUT module designs distillation columns for multi-component mixtures using the shortcut method. Instead of a rigorous tray-by-tray calculation, the classical approximation methods of Fenske, Underwood and Gilliland are combined: they deliver the minimum number of theoretical
Free input of physical properties
The S-DAT module allows the free input of physical properties for media that are not contained in the built-in property databases. Under a freely chosen name, density, specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity, dynamic and kinematic viscosity, Prandtl number, surface tension,
Curved and mitered segments under internal pressure
The module is used to calculate mitered segmental bends with one or more segments according to ASME/ANSI standard against internal overpressure. The database of American materials is integrated into the module.
Welding flanges for pressure vessels
This module provides the dimension tables for welding flanges on vessels and process equipment to DIN 28036, the German standard for apparatus flanges. For each nominal diameter it delivers the complete flange geometry: inside and outside diameter, flange thickness, bolt circle d
Cover of sight glass case
This module calculates the cover (flange ring) of a sight glass fitting to DIN 28120 — the German standard for circular sight glass fittings on pressure vessels. The bolted cover ring presses the sight glass through the gaskets against the base flange; the module verifies that th
Properties of sodium
The Sodium module provides the thermophysical properties of sodium for thermal calculations: density, specific heat capacity, enthalpy, entropy, heat of evaporation, thermal conductivity, dynamic viscosity, surface tension, coefficient of thermal expansion, thermal diffusivity an
Plate heat exchangers
This module performs the thermal and hydraulic design of plate heat exchangers according to the VDI Heat Atlas (VDI-Wärmeatlas). From the mass or volume flows, inlet and outlet temperatures and the properties of both media, it determines the heat duty, the heat transfer coefficie
Clamping rings
The SPAR module calculates clamping ring connections (clamp closures), in which vessel sections, covers or pipe stubs are joined force-locked via flared ends and a circumferential, split clamping ring. In equipment engineering, such connections frequently replace bolted flanges w
Tube sheet data
The SPIE module is a program for the generation of tube sheets for tube bundle heat exchangers. It consists of a graphical and a numerical part. The tube sheet can be designed by the user in all details. 30,000 pipes can be represented and individually edited. Tie rods and dummy tubes can be used.
Heat transfer in pipe flow with and without twisted-tape inserts
The SPIR module calculates heat transfer and pressure drop for flow through tubes – either for the plain (empty) tube or for tubes with a twisted-tape insert. Twisted tapes generate a swirl flow, increase the effective flow velocity and improve radial mixing; the tube-side heat t
Tables of thermophysical properties
Properties editor
The module reads the physical properties from user-defined tables after input of pressure and temperature. The physical properties can be transferred to other calculation modules.
Static intensity and loss of chimney draught
The STAK module calculates the static stack (chimney) draft and the stack draft losses according to the Energietechnische Arbeitsmappe (14th edition), a standard German energy engineering reference. The static draft arises from the density difference between the warm flue gas col
Startform 2019
Documentation and operating instructions for this calculation module.
Water hammer
The STOS module determines:
Maximum pressure surge (Joukowsky)
Pressure surge at the valve
Maximum and minimum overpressure at the valve
Nozzles on Vessels: Stresses owing to pipe lines
The STUT module assesses nozzles on pressure vessels under external loads from connected piping. Piping transmits forces and moments to the nozzle as a result of thermal expansion, dead weight and reaction forces; these loads create local membrane and bending stresses in the tran
Unstiffened cylinders under external pressure
Vessels under vacuum, jacketed apparatus with a heated annulus, and columns subject to external pressure do not fail by bursting but by buckling of the shell. This module performs the stability verification to DIN EN 13445-3, clause 8, supplemented by the requirements of DIN EN 1
Global Loads
The module calculates the maximum allowable compressive stresses in a cylindrical shell (according to section 16.14.7). For a given wall thickness, the maximum allowable individual loads (tensile force, compressive force and bending moment) according to 16.14.4 are determined from this.
Cone-cylinder intersections under internal pressure
The SUIP module sizes the pressure-bearing primary components of a vessel or tank to DIN EN 13445-3 and DIN EN 14025: cylindrical shells, spherical shells and conical shells under internal pressure, as well as dished ends (Klöpper/torispherical, Korbbogen/deep torispherical and e
TABI
The TABI module provides user-defined value tables for calculations: the user stores tables of X values and associated function values Y, optionally dependent on an additional parameter (family of curves). For a current X value and a current parameter value, the module reads out
TAL
The TAL module determines the atmospheric stability class (dispersion category) according to TA Luft 2005 — the German Technical Instructions on Air Quality Control — for dispersion modelling of gases and dusts in the atmosphere. The dispersion class (stability class after Klug/M
Calculation of heat loss of storage tanks
The Tank module calculates the heat loss of insulated and non-insulated storage tanks. The ground plan of the storage tank may be round or rectangular.
TAVA
The TAVA module calculates the pressure history during the cool-down of hot storage tanks that are protected against inadmissible vacuum by vacuum breakers (vacuum relief valves). The classic scenario: after steam-out, the vessel is filled with hot saturated steam; as it cools –
ASME-TEB TEMA standards 1999
The TEB module calculates tubesheets of shell-and-tube heat exchangers to TEMA Section 5 (1999 edition) — the standard of the Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association, which serves worldwide as the reference for the mechanical design of shell-and-tube equipment. The various tu
Tubesheets
The TEB1 module calculates the required thickness of tubesheets to TEMA Section 5, paragraph RCB-2.21 (1978 edition). The tubesheet — the perforated plate into which the tubes of the bundle are expanded or welded — is treated as a plate in bending under the governing design press
Stresses and moments in pipe bends and T-pieces
Pipe bends and tees are the critical components of every piping stress analysis: they are more flexible than the straight pipe but at the same time concentrate the stresses from bending and torsional moments. This module calculates stresses and moments in pipe bends and tees per
Longitudinal stresses
Replaced by UHX modules
Requirements for shell and tube heat exchangers
The TEMA module checks the design requirements of the TEMA standards for shell-and-tube heat exchangers: permissible clearances between tube bundle and shell depending on TEMA type (fixed tubesheet, U-tube, floating head), minimum and maximum baffle spacings, baffle diameters and
Unsteady processes
Calculation of transient processes during cooling or heating
Modul TK
Engineering guidance and application examples are available in the LV Knowledge Base.
Calculation of filling level and filling volume in storage tanks
The TKL module from the ATLAS program system calculates the contents of horizontal and vertical cylindrical tanks with dished ends (Koepper-type or Korbbogen-type), hemispherical ends or elliptical ends.
Properties of thermal oils
Physical properties and application ranges of more than 100 heat transfer oils
The program provides the user with a database of heat transfer oils. These thermal oils can be selected according to various criteria such as maximum operating temperature, name, manufacturer, maximum film temperature, etc.
Support rings
This module calculates support rings and ring girders on vertical process equipment to DIN 28084-1. A support ring encircles the vessel and transfers its weight load into the structural steelwork at discrete support points — the typical way of supporting equipment in platforms an
Modul TRGN
Engineering guidance and application examples are available in the LV Knowledge Base.
Hydraulic balance for kettle reboilers
The TSIP module establishes the hydraulic balance for kettle reboilers on distillation columns. A kettle reboiler operates without a pump: the liquid flows from the column sump to the reboiler through the feed line by gravity alone, the generated vapor returns to the column throu
Calculation of the acid dew point in flue gas with SO3 and H2O fractions
The TSO3 module calculates the acid dew point of a flue gas containing SO 3 and H 2 O. Sulfur trioxide combines with water vapor to form sulfuric acid, which condenses as highly concentrated H 2 SO 4 well above the water dew point — typically at 110 to 160 °C. The calculation is
Tees with vertical branch
The TST module calculates pressurized cylinders with vertical branch or with gusset according to AD 2000 B9 and DIN 2413.
Modul TURB
Engineering guidance and application examples are available in the LV Knowledge Base.
Laminar flow heat transfer in tubes with/without helical inserts
On the basis of experimental approaches, the TWIS module calculates the heat transfer coefficient and the pressure loss in laminar flow tubes with twisted-tape inserts.
Test pressure
Test pressure for standard hydrostatic test or pneumatic test for UG27, UG32, UG34
Seismic loads
The UBC module determines the following forces and moments for columns (as well as vertical storage tanks, chimneys, etc.) caused by earthquakes:
Shear load at vessel / construction head
Overturning moment at base
Moment in arbitrary height X
Thickness of cylindrical shells under internal pressure
The Ug27 module determines the required wall thickness and the allowable overpressure for the existing wall thickness. For the calculation of sections according to UG37, the required wall thickness at 100 % utilisation is also given.
Thickness of cylindrical shells and tubes under external pressure
Module UG28 can be used to calculate the allowable external overpressure for cylindrical and spherical shells. The required wall thickness is determined iteratively.
Stiffening rings for cylindrical shells under external pressure
The calculation of the necessary moments of inertia of the reinforcements for vessels under external overpressure is carried out for both cases taking into account
the moments of inertia of the wall and the reinforcement
the moment of inertia of the reinforcement alone.
Elliptical heads under internal pressure
The UG32 module determines the required wall thickness of elliptical, torispherical or hemispherical heads under internal pressure. In the case of dished heads (Kloepper type and Korbbogen type) the geometry is specified accordingly by the program.
Formed heads pressure under external pressure
The UG33 module determines the required wall thickness of the heads under external pressure. In the case of dished heads (Kloepper type and Korbbogen type) the geometry is specified accordingly by the program. For cones, the cross-section and the effective stiffening of the corner connection at the wide and narrow end can also be calculated.
Unstayed flat heads and covers
The different designs of flat ends or plates are taken into account in the calculation using coefficients. The special types are illustrated graphically. For bolted plates, the flange moment must also be taken into account.
Protruding nozzles with reinforcement
The Ug37 module can be used to design inserted or set-on nozzles with or without a reinforcing disc. For the calculation of adjacent openings, the values of the single nozzles are to be taken over.
UG99-e
Documentation and operating instructions for this calculation module.
Modul UHX
Engineering guidance and application examples are available in the LV Knowledge Base.
Modul UHXA
Engineering guidance and application examples are available in the LV Knowledge Base.
Modul UHXB
Engineering guidance and application examples are available in the LV Knowledge Base.
Modul UHXC
Engineering guidance and application examples are available in the LV Knowledge Base.
Out-of-roundness of cylindrical and conical shells
The UNRD module assesses the out-of-roundness of cylindrical and conical shells to DIN EN 13445-3, Annex E. Real vessel courses are never perfectly circular: rolling and welding processes leave deviations from the design contour, such as flats or peaking at the longitudinal weld
Fixed Tubesheets
Rules for the Design of Fixed Tubesheets
Modul VEGA
Engineering guidance and application examples are available in the LV Knowledge Base.
Input power of fans
The VENT module calculates the input power of fans: from the inlet temperature, inlet pressure and inlet volume flow of the gas, the required pressure increase and the fan efficiency, it determines the necessary shaft power. A distinction is made between the arrangement – induced
Vaporization of pure substances in shell-and-tube or double pipe heat exchangers
The evaporator program serves for the design and simulation of pure substance evaporators without preheating of the liquid and without superheating of the steam. The evaporators have a forced flow.
Live loads
This module calculates live loads — essentially the wind load — on a vertical cylindrical vessel per DIN 4133 (the German standard for steel stacks, 1991-11 edition) for heights up to 8 m. From the outside diameter and height, the projected cylinder area is formed; with the veloc
Welding-neck flanges
This module provides the dimensions of welding-neck flanges to the classic German flange standards DIN 2627 to 2629 and DIN 2631 to 2638 as a set of dimension tables. By selecting nominal size and pressure rating, you can retrieve all principal dimensions of a welding-neck flange
Welding-neck flanges
This module selects welding-neck flanges to DIN 28034 — the German flange standard for process equipment, which specifies welding-neck flanges for agitated vessels and other process apparatus. Starting from nominal size, operating pressure, and operating temperature, the program
Combustion calculation of gases
Combustion equations are independently established from the fuel gas composition specification and the air or flue gas quantity required for stoichiometric combustion is determined. Gas mixtures with up to 10 gas components can be specified. Incomplete combustion with air numbers less than 1 is not included.
Vertical gravity separator
Vertical or horizontal gas / liquid separators can be dimensioned:
Limiting drops with/without demister
Inlet distributor / outlet demister
High level / low level for hold-up times
Flow type at inlet (see LOMA)
Anti-vortex baffle design
Liquid entrainment on surfaces
VSP
The VSP module calculates the leakage flow through a narrow annular gap of the kind that occurs as a sealing gap at shaft passages, pistons, throttle bushings or canned seals of pumps and valves. From the diameter and length of the sealing gap, the gap width and the applied press
10 Ends and spherical shells
This section applies to the design and dimensioning of spherical shells and dished heads, if necessary with openings.It does not deal with the influence of external forces and moments. If necessary, these must also be taken into account.
11 Pipes
The module determines the required wall thickness of pipes and pipe bends,
7 Cylindrical jackets of drums and collectors under internal pressure
The module determines the required wall thickness of jackets of drums and collectors under internal pressure. This requires the specification of the boundary conditions, the geometric sizes and the loads on the component.
Flue gas heat exchanger
The WAK program designs coil type economizers with multiple helical tube bundles. Hot water or thermal oil heaters can be calculated. The standard medium is hot oil on the tube side and flue gas on the shell side. The composition of the flue gas can be entered or standard compositions for typical gas, fuel oil or solid fuel combustion can be selected.
WAKO
The WAKO module calculates the heat transmission through a multi-layer plane wall with up to three layers and checks whether condensation forms on the warm wall surface. From the layer data, the heat transfer coefficients on both sides and the temperatures, the module determines
Knuckles on jacketed vessels
WARZ is a module for the calculation of knuckles for vessels with jackets. The knuckles can be designed with or without bulge.
Wind loads
The WIND module calculates wind loads on free-standing process equipment and plant structures — typically columns, vertical vessels, stacks and pipe bridges. From the wind speed or velocity pressure, the structure geometry and the aerodynamic force coefficients, the module determ
WND - Variable list
Documentation and operating instructions for this calculation module.
Modul WRA
Engineering guidance and application examples are available in the LV Knowledge Base.
WRB
The WRB module belongs to the family of general thermodynamic and fluid dynamic calculations in the LV-Soft library. It sits in the program environment of the tube bundle and heat transfer modules, complementing related building blocks such as the calculation of heat transfer in
Stresses in cylindrical shells caused by external support loads
The program determines the additional stresses in cylindrical shells caused by external nozzle forces and moments. In addition and as a supplement to WRC Bulletin 107, the internal compressive stresses can be superimposed with the corresponding stress intensification factors.
Stresses in spherical shells by external support loads
The program determines the additional stresses in spherical shells caused by external nozzle forces and moments. In addition and as a supplement to WRC Bulletin 107, the internal compressive stresses can be superimposed with the corresponding stress intensification factors.
Heat transfer during cross flow through tube bundles with small tube pitch
The WROK module calculates the heat transfer in cross flow through tube bundles with small longitudinal pitch. While the classic tube bundle correlations apply to the usual pitch ratios, closely staggered bundles behave differently: with a small longitudinal pitch, the lanes betw
Modul WTKR
Engineering guidance and application examples are available in the LV Knowledge Base.
Modul WTLE
Engineering guidance and application examples are available in the LV Knowledge Base.
Shaft dimensioning
Calculation of shafts subjected to a torsional moment.
Thermal and hydraulic design of shell and tube and double pipe heat exchangers
With the WTS module package, tube bundle heat exchangers can be designed for gaseous and liquid media as well as for condensing pure substances. The range of features of WTS can be extended by additional modules.
CAD program for shell and tube heat exchangers
The program creates a scale drawing based on the calculation data from the WTS module. DIN flange data sheets are included so that the flange presentation is also dimensionally accurate. The data is saved in a DXF file and can be further processed with CAD programs.
Trunnions
The ZAPF module calculates the maximum load-bearing capacity of trunnions with reinforcing plates on cylindrical walls of vessels used primarily for process engineering purposes and made of unalloyed, low-alloy or stainless steels.
calculation of cover flange (internal and external pressure)
The ZCF47 module calculates a spherically dished bolted cover — a bolted, dished head consisting of a spherical cap with a bolting flange ring — according to the alternative rules of paragraph 4.7.5.3, ASME Sec. VIII Div. 2, 2025 edition, for internal and external pressure. This
Pressure drop in gas-liquid streams
The ZDP module calculates the occurring pressure loss for a two-phase flow through a pipeline.
1. horizontal or vertical upwards
2. vertical down
Corrected logarithmic mean temperature difference (CLMTD) and temperature distribution according to cell method
The program calculates the stationary temperature distribution in a heat exchanger on the basis of the cell method. Thus, the driving temperature difference is determined much more precisely than with the logarithmic mean temperature difference.
Zick-Method Saddles
Calculation of saddles of pressure vessels by Zick
Bolting torque of bolt joints
The tightening torque for rigid or expansion bolts is calculated on the basis of the required bolt force in the installation state, which can be calculated from AD leaflet B7 or DIN 2505, as well as the bolt geometry and friction coefficients.
ZIKT
The PILLOW module calculates heat transfer and pressure drop in cooling pockets — flat flow channels formed by spot or seam welding, used as pillow plates (dimple jackets) on vessel walls, agitated vessels and plate-type equipment for cooling or heating. The irregular, bulged flo
Summary
The ZUSA module can be used to summarize texts and numbers in a project.